Abstract
The connection between opioid abuse and the abuser’ s susceptibility to a wide variety of infectious diseases is well established. Injected opiates are considered to be an important co-factor in the acquisition of hepatitis, tuberculosis, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other serious disease states.1 Reductions in disease resistance that are induced by opioid agonists are likely to stem from a decrease in immune function. In addition to the indirect effects that opiates exert on the immune system through modulation of brain pathways and the hypothalamo-pituitary—adrenal axis, 2–4 there is a growing literature which suggests that these substances directly influence immunocyte function. These latter studies are largely controversial however, due to difficulties in assessing opioid receptor (OR) function in immune cells and many potential variables that, if not taken into account, may complicate the interpretation of data obtained from in vivo or in vitro experiments.5, 6
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Pampusch, M.S., Osinski, M.A., Serie, J.R., Murtaugh, M.P., Brown, D.R. (1998). Opioid Receptor Gene Expression in the Porcine Immune System. In: Friedman, H., Madden, J.J., Klein, T.W. (eds) Drugs of Abuse, Immunomodulation, and Aids. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 437. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5347-2_7
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