Abstract
A number of smart antenna techniques will form an important part of the new Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) standard that will realize the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS). One such technique is High Sensitivity Reception (HSR) which is implemented in the uplink of cellular systems. This chapter addresses a few issues of importance when HSR techniques are used in a cellular CDMA system. Firstly, a brief overview of smart antenna techniques is presented followed by a theoretical analysis of a HSR/CDMA system. The analysis is focused on both micro and macro multi cell, multipath Rayleigh fading scenario’s with imperfect power control. As a system performance measure, Bit Error Rate (BER) is used to investigate the influence of user location, number of antennas and power control error. An important parameter in the design of a HSR system is the antenna array element spacing. In the analysis a Uniform Linear Array (ULA) is considered and a measure is defined to determine the optimal antenna element spacing in a CDMA cellular environment. Normally, the mobile users in a cell are assumed to be uniformly distributed in cellular performance calculations. To reflect a more realistic situation, a novel probability density function is proposed to model the non-uniform distribution of the mobile users in a cell. It is shown that multipath and imperfect power control, even with antenna arrays, reduces the system performance substantially.
This work was partially funded by Alcatel CIT and Alcatel Altech Telecoms through the Alcatel Research Unit for Wireless Access at the University of Pretoria
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. S. da Silva, B. Arroyo-Fernandez, B. Barani, J. Pereira, and D. Ikonomou, “Mobile and personal communications: ACTS and beyond,” in Wireless Communications: TDMA versus CDMA, pp. 379–414, Kluwer, 1997.
M. Lötter and P. van Rooyen, “A probability density function for the angle of arrival of signals in cellular CDMA/SDMA systems,” in Proc. ICT’98, (Chalkidiki, Greece), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1998.
E. Buracchini, F. Muratore, V. Palestini, and M. Sinibaldi, “Performance analysis of a mobile system based on combined SDMA/CDMA access techniques,” in Proc. ISSSTA’96, (Mainz, Germany), pp. 370–374, University of Kaiserslautern, 1996.
O. Norklit, P. Eggers, P. Zetterberg, and J. B. Andersen, “The angular aspects of wideband modelling and measurements,” in Proc. ISSSTA’ 96, (Mainz, Germany), pp. 73–78, University of Kaiserslautern, 1996.
C. Farsakh and J. Nossek, “Comparison of symmetric antenna array configurations by their spatial separation potential,” in Proc. ICUPC’96, 1996.
M. Tangeman, “Smart antenna technology fo GSM/DCS 1800,” in Proc. PWC’96, 1996.
A. Viterbi, CDMA — Principles of spread spectrum communications, ch. 1. Addison-Wesley, 1995.
D. Cox, “Wireless network access for personal communications,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 96–115, December 1992.
A. Steil and J. Blanz, “Spectral efficiency of JD-CDMA mobile radio systems applying coherent receiver antenna diversity with directional antennas,” in Proc. ISSSTA’96, pp. 313–319, 1996.
P. Jung, B. Steiner, and B. Stilling, “Exploitation of intracell macrodiversity in mobile radio systems by deployment of remote antennas,” in Proc. ISSSTA’96, (Mainz, Germany), pp. 302–307, University of Kaiserslautern, 1996.
A. Klein, Multi-user detection of CDMA signals — algorithms and their application to cellular mobile radio. PhD thesis, University of Kaiserslautern, 1996.
J. Cheung, M. Beach, and J. McGeehan, “Network planning for third-generation mobile radio systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 32, pp. 54–59, November 1994.
W. Lee, “Smaller cells for greater performance,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 29, pp. 19–23, November 1991.
C. Balanis, Antenna Theory — Analysis and Design, ch. 6. Wiley, 1997.
J. Proakis, Digital Communications, ch. 14. McGraw-Hill, 1995.
J. Holtzman, “A simple, accurate method to calculate spread-spectrum multiple access error probabilities,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 40, pp. 461–464, March 1992.
P. van Rooyen and R. Kohno, “DS-CDMA performance with maximum ratio combining and antenna arrays in Nakagami multipath fading,” in Proc. ISSSTA’96, (Mainz, Germany), pp. 292–296, University of Kaiserslautern, 1996.
C. Kchao and G. Stüber, “Analysis of a direct-sequence spread-spectrum cellular radio system,” IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 41, pp. 1507–1516, October 1993.
R. Prasad, CDMA for wireless personal communications. Norwood:Ma: Artech House, 1996.
W. Press, S. Teukolsky, W. Vetterling, and B. Flannery, Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge University Press, second edition ed., 1992.
P. Balaban and J. Salz, “Optimum diversity combining and equalization in digital data transmission with applications to cellular mobile radio — part I: Theoretical considerations,” IEEE Trans. Communications, 1992.
P. Balaban and J. Salz, “Optimum diversity combining and equalization in digital data transmission with applications to cellular mobile radio — part II: Numerical results,” IEEE Trans, Communications, 1992.
R. Kohno, “Spatially and temporally joint optimum transmitter — receiver based on adaptive array antenna for multi-user detection in DS/CDMA,” in Proc. ISSSTA’96, (Mainz, Germany), pp. 365–369, University of Kaiserslautern, 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lötter, M.P., van Rooyen, P., Kohno, R. (1999). Spatial Filtering and CDMA. In: Swarts, F., van Rooyen, P., Oppermann, I., Lötter, M.P. (eds) CDMA Techniques for Third Generation Mobile Systems. The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, vol 487. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5103-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5103-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7321-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5103-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive