Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dietary Requirements

  • Chapter
Nutrition and Feeding of Fish

Abstract

Fish require dietary sources of energy and nutrients for growth, reproduction, and health. Dietary requirements for energy, protein and amino acids, vitamins, essential lipids and minerals have been established for several fish species of commercial importance. With a few exceptions, the nutrient requirements for fish are similar to those for terrestrial animals although energy requirements for fish are lower. Assimilation and metabolism of nutrients and energy are similar in these animal groups; however, there are some that are unique to fish, such as processes in osmoregulation, nitrogen excretion, and energy expenditures. To perform optimally, the fish must have all of its necessary nutrients and a supply of energy in optimum balance and quantity. These nutrients and energy may come from natural aquatic organisms or prepared feeds; however, in contemporary aquaculture, prepared feeds from commercial feedstuffs are the primary source. Thus a familiarization of the nutrients and their sources, requirements, and roles in metabolism are necessary for successful aquaculture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akiyama, T., T. Murai, and T. Nose. 1986. Oral administration of serotonin against spinal deformity of chum salmon fry induced by tryptophan deficiency. Bull. Jpn. Soc Sci Fish. 52: 1249–1254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. J., E. W. Kienholz, and S. A. Flickinger. 1981. Protein requirements of smallmouth bass and largemouth bass. J. Nutr. 111: 1085–1097.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batterham, E. S., R. D. Murison, and C. E. Lewis. 1979. Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by c he m i c a l techniques. Br. J. Nutr. 41: 383–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, A. 1968. Studies on the metabolism of calcium and strontium in freshwater fish. I. Relative contribution of direct and intestinal absorption. Mem. Ist Ital. Idrobiol. Dott. Macro de Marchi 23: 161–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brambila, S. and F. W. Hill. 1966. Carbohydrate requirement of chickens. J. Nutr. 88: 84–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. R. 1973. Energy expenditure of sockeye salmon during sustained performance. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1799–1809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burtle, G. J. 1981. Essentiality of dietary inositol for channel catfish. Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, Auburn, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, C. E., Jr., J. A. Plumb, and J. M. Grizzle. 1986. Abnormal folate metabolism in feed-related anemia in cultured catfish. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 181: 210–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castell, J. D., R. O. Sinnhuber, J. H. Wales, and D. J. Lee. 1972. Essential fatty acid requirements of juvenille seabass, Lates calcarifer. Paper presented at Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish. Toba, Japan. August 28-September 1, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, C. Y. and S. J. Kaushik. 1990. Nutritional energetics in fish: Energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 61: 132–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho. C. Y., S. T. Slinger, and H. S. Bayley. 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Phys. 73B: 25–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowey, C. B. 1975. Aspects of protein utilization by fish. Proc. Nutr. Sci. 34: 57–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowey, C. B., E. Degener, A. G. T. Tacon, A. Youngson, and J. G. Bell. 1984. Effect of vitamin E and oxidized fish oil on the nutrition of rainbow trout grown at natural and varying water temperatures. Brit. J. Nutr. 51: 443–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, P. L. and R. T. Lovell. 1994. Influence of vitamin C on the folate requirement of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, for growth, hematopoiesis, and resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection. Aquae. 127: 233–244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Naggar, G. O. and R. T. Lovell. 1991. L-Ascorbyl-2-monphosphate has equal antiscorbutic activity as L-ascorbic acid but L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate is inferior to L-ascorbic acid for channel catfish. J.Nutr. 116: 1061–1067.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eya, J. and R. T. Lovell. 1997. Available phosphorus requirements of food-size channel catfish fed practical diets in ponds. Aquae. (In Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, D. J. 1974. General principles and assumptions of calorimetry. In Energy requirements of poultry, ed. T. R. Morris and B. M. Freeman, Edinburgh, UK: British Poultry Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fracalossi, D. M., M. C. Craig-Schmidt, and, R. T. Lovell. 1994. Effects of dietary lipid sources on production of leukotriene B by head kidney of channel catfish held at different water temperatures. J. of Aquatic Animal Health. 6: 242–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1983. Dietary zinc requirements of channel catfish. J. Nutr. 113: 630–635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1984a. Dietary selenium requirement of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 113: 627–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1984b. Studies on manganese requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Aquae. 41: 85–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1986a. Dietary copper requirements for channel catfish. Aquae. 54: 277–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1986b. Characterization of iron deficiency and dietary requirements for channel catfish. Aquae. 52: 191–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, L. and R. P. Forster. 1970. Nitrogen metabolism in fish. In Comparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism, ed. J. W. Campbell, New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halver, J. E., L. M. Ashley, and R. R. Smith. 1969. Ascorbic acid requirements of coho salmon and rainbow trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 98: 762–771.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, J. W., C. Y. Cho, and S. J. Slinger. 1978. Effect of graded levels of supplemental ascorbic acid in practical diets of rainbow trout. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 35: 431–436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ichii, T. and Y. Mugiya. 1983. Effects of dietary deficiency in calcium on growth and calcium uptake from the aquatic environment in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74A: 259–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izquierdo, O. A., C. M. Parsons, and D. H. Baker. 1988. Bioavailability of lysine in L-lysine-HC1. J. Animal Sci. 66: 2590–2597.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiwada, K., S. Teshima, and A Kanazawa. 1970. Studies on the production of B vitamins by intestinal bacteria of fish. V. Evidence of the production of vitamin B12 by microorganisms in the intestinal canal of carp, Cyprinus carpio. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36: 421–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ketola, H. G. 1979. Influence of dietary zinc on cataracts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Nutr. 109: 965–969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M. and R. T. Lovell. 1991. Comparison of satiate and restricted feeding of channel catfish with various protein concentrations in ponds. Aquae. 103: 165–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. and R. T. Lovell. 1984. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish. J. Nutr. 115: 123–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightner, D. V., B. H. Huner, P. C. Magerelli, and L. B. Calvin. 1979. Ascorbic acid: Nutritional requirement and role in wound repair in shrimp. Proc. World Marie. Soc. 9: 447–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, C., and R. T. Lovell. 1978. Pathology of the vitamin C deficiency syndrome in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 108: 1137–1146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, C., W. M. Sealey, and P. H. Klesius. 1996. Iron methionine and iron sulfate as sources of dietary iron for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. J. World Aquae. Soc. 27: 290–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Limsuwan, T., and R. T. Lovell. 1981. Intestinal synthesis and absorption of vitamin B12 in channel catfish. J. Nutr. 111: 2125–2132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, R. T., T. Miyazaki, and S. Rebegnator. 1984. Requirement of alpha-tocopherol by channel catfish fed diets low in polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Nutr. 114: 894–901.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mangalik, A 1986. Dietary energy requirements for channel catfish. Ph. D. diss., Auburn University, Auburn, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. K. and K. L. Blaxter. 1965. The energy cost of urea synthesis in sheep. In Energy metabolism, ed. K. L. Blaxter, New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, C. K. and E. J. Van Holde. 1990. Biochemistry, Redwood City, Calif. Benjamin/Cummings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murai, T. 1985. Biological assessment of nutrient requirements and availability of fish. Special workshop at the International Congress on Nutrition, August 19–25, Brighton, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1988. Nutrient requirements of swine. Washington, D. C. National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. Washington, D.C: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poston, H. A, R. C. Riis, G. L. Rumsey, and H. G. Ketola. 1977. The effect of supplemental dietary amino acids, minerals and vitamins on salmonids fed cataractogenic diets. Cornell Vet. 67: 472–509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, K. R., H. W. Norton, and D. H. Baker. 1979. Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. J. Nutr. 109: 1710–1714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago, C. B. 1985. Amino acid requirements of Nile tilapia. Ph. D. diss., Auburn University, Auburn, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., R. Yoshinaka, and S. Yamamoto. 1978. Nonessentiality of ascorbic acid in the diet of carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44: 1151–1156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellner, P. A and J. R. Hazel. 1982. Time course of changes in fatty acid composition of gills and liver from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneir) during thermal acclimation. J. Exp. Zool. 221: 159–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. R. 1976. Metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for trout. Feedstuffs. 48: 16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. R. 1989. Nutritional energetics. In Fish nutrition, ed. J. E. Halver, San Diego, Calif: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, B. W., and J. E. Halver. 1984. Ascorbate-2-sulfate metabolism in fish. Nutr. Rev. 45: 173–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. P. and W. E. Poe. 1988. Choline nutrition of fingerling channel catfish. Aquae. 68: 65–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. P., E. H. Robinson, and W. E. Poe. 1981. Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for channel catfish. J. Nutr. 111: 923–929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarate, D. D. and R. T. Lovell. 1997. Free lysine (L-lysine-HCl) is utilized for growth less efficiently than protein-bound lysine (soybean meal) in practical diets by young channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture 159: 87–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zietoun, I. H., D. E. Ulbrey, and W. T. Magee. 1976. Quantifying nutrient requirements of fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 33: 167–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

    Tom Lovell

Authors
  1. Tom Lovell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

    Tom Lovell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lovell, T. (1998). Dietary Requirements. In: Lovell, T. (eds) Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4909-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4909-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7226-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4909-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation