Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution pp 139–163Cite as

Health Effects of Ozone

  • Chapter

  • 245 Accesses

Abstract

Ozone is the most persistent, intractable air pollutant in urban air. In 1995, according to EPA, over 70 million people in the US resided in areas not meeting the one-hour EPA ozone standard. As mentioned earlier, the adequacy of the US EPA NAAQS standard for ozone was severely criticized causing the agency to review the standard and promulgate a new standard in 1997. The previous standard was 0.12 ppm averaged over 1 hour. The new standard is 0.08 ppm averaged over 8 hours. This new standard reflects current ozone patterns more closely. Years ago, ozone concentrations peaked 2-3 hours after morning and afternoon commuting traffic and those peaks were of about 1 hour in duration. However traffic patterns have changed substantially in most US cities, and now ozone concentrations are seen to last for approximately 8 hours after first rising around 10 am. The reader should keep the old and new standards and their averaging times in mind as she or he reads the following summary of the health effects of ozone exposures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aris R, Christian D, Sheppard D, Balmes JR. The effects of sequential exposure to acidic fog and ozone on pulmonary function in exercising subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 85–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avol EL, Linn WS, Shamoo DA, et al. Short-term respiratory effects of photochemical oxidant exposure in exercising children. J Air Poll Control Assoc 1987; 37: 158–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avol EL, Nacidi WC, Rappaport EB, Peters JM. Acute effects of ambient ozone on asthmatic, wheezy, and healthy children. Report No. 82, Health Effects Instititute, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball BA, Folinsbee LJ, Peden DB, Kerhl HR. Allergen bronchoprovocation of patients with mild allergic asthma after ozone exposure. J Allergy Clin Imunol 1996; 98: 563–572.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balmes JR, Chen LL, Scannell C, et al. Ozone-induced decrements in FEV1and FVC do not correlate with measures of inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996: 153: 9–4909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates DV, Sizto R. Air pollution and hospital admissions in Southern Ontario: The acid summer haze effect. Environ Res 1987; 43: 317–331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett WS, McDonnell WF, Horstman DH, House DE. Role of the parasympathetic nervous system in acute lung response to ozone. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 1879–1885.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britton JR, Pavord ID, Richards KA, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1383–1387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bylin G, Cotgreave, Gustafsson, et al. Health risk evaluation of ozone. Scand J Work Environ Health 1996; 22 (suppl 3): 5–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calderon-Garciduenas L, Osormo-Velazquez A, et al. Histopathologic changes of the nasal mucosa in southwest metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants. Am J Pathol 1992: 140: 225–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calderon-Garciduenas L, Roy-Ocotla G. Nasal cytology in southwest metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants: A pilot intervention study. Environ Health Perspect 1993; 101: 138–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatham MD, Epplker JH, Sauder LR, Green D, Kulle TJ. Evaluation of the effects of vitamin C on ozone-induced bronchoconstriction in normal subjects. Ann NY Acad Sci 1987; 498:269–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chitano P, Hosselet JJ, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM. Effect of oxidant air pollutants on the respiratory system: insights from experimental animal research. Eur Respir J 1995: 8: 1357–1371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cody RP, Weisel CP, Birnbaum G, Lioy PJ. The effect of ozone associated with summertime photochemical smog on the frequency of asthma visits to hospital emergency departments. Environ Res 1992; 58: 184–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross CE, van der Vilet A, O’Neill CA, et al. Oxidants, antioxidants, and respiratory tract lining fluids. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 (suppl 10): 185–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detels R, Tashkin DP, Sayre JW. et al. The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive respiratory disease. 9. Lung function changes associated with chronic exposure to photochemical oxidants; a cohort study among never-smokers. Chest 1987; 92: 594–603.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin RB, McDonnell WF, Becket S, et al. Time-dependent changes of inflammatory mediators in the lungs of humans exposed to 0.4 ppm ozone for 2 hr: A comparison of mediators found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 1 and 18 hr after exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 138: 176–185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillard CJ, Litov RE, Savin WM, et al. Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. J Appl Physiol 1978; 45: 927–932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drechsler-Parks D, Bedi JF, Horvath SM. Pulmonary function responses of older men and women to ozone exposure. Exp Gerontol 1987; 22: 91–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons K, Foster WM. Smoking cessation and acute airway response to ozone. Arch Environ Health 1991; 46: 288–295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA. Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants. EPA/600/P93/004. July, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster WM, Wills-Karp P, Tankersley CG, et al. Bloodborne markers in humans during mutliday exposure to ozone. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81: 794–800.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrity TR, Weaver RA, Berntsen J, et al. Extrathoracic and intrathoracic removal of 03 in tidal-breathing humans. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 393–400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrity TR, McDonnell WF, House DE. The relationship between delivered ozone dose and functional responses in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 124: 275–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong H, Bedi JF, Horvath SM. Inhaled albuterol does not protect against ozone toxicity in nonasthmatic athletes. Arch Environ Health 1988; 43: 46–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong H, Shamoo D, Anderson KR, Linn WS. Responses of older men with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to prolonged ozone exposure. Arch Environ Health 1997; 52: 18–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham D, Henderson F, House D. Neutrophil influx measured in nasal lavages of humans exposed to ozone. Arch Env Health 1988; 43: 228–233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grievink L, Jansen SMA, van’t Veer PV, Brunekreef B. Acute effects of ozone on pulmonary function of cyclists receiving antioxidant supplements. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55: 13–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackney JD, Linn WS, Shamoo DA, Avol EL. Responses of selected reactive and nonreactive volunteers to ozone exposure in high and how pollution seasons. In Atmospheric Ozone Research and Its Policy Implications. T. Schneider et al.(eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1989. pp 311–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatch GE. Asthma, inhaled oxidants, and dietary antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 6 (suppl): 625S–630S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazucha MJ, Bates DV, Bromberg PA. Mechanism of action of ozone on the human lung. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67: 1535–1541.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazucha MJ, Madden M, Pape G, et al. Effects of cyclo-oxgenase inhibition on ozone-induced respiratory inflammation and lung function changes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996; 73: 17–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horstman DH, Folinsbee LJ. Ozone concentration and pulmonary response relationships for 6.6 hour exposures with five hours of moderate exercise to 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1158–1163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney PL, Nilsen DM, Lippmann M, et al. Biomarkers of lung inflammation in recreational joggers exposed to ozone. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996a; 154: 1430–1435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney PL, Thurston GD, Raizenne M. The effects of ambient ozone on lung function in children: a reanalysis of six summer camp studies. Environ Health Perspect 1996b; 104: 170–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney PL, Aggarwal M, Nikiforox SV, Nadas A. Methods development for epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of prolonged ozone exposure. HEI Research Report No 81. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge MA, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig JQ, Covert DS, Hanley Q, et al. Prior exposure to ozone potentiates subsequent response to sulfur dioxide in adolescent asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 377–380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig JQ. Effect of ozone on respiratory responses in subjects with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103(suppl 2): 103–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig JQ. The role of air pollutants in adolescent asthma. Immunol Allergy Clinics N Am 1998; 18: 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koren HS, Devlin RB, Graham DE, et al. Ozone-induced inflammation in the lower airways of human subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 407–415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korrick SA, Neas LM, Dockery DW, et al. Effects of ozone and other pollutants on the pulmonary function of adult hikers Environ Health Perspect 1998; 105: 93–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuenzli N, Lurmann F, Segal M, et al. Association between lifetime ambient ozone exposure and pulmonary function in college freshmen--results of a pilot study. Environ Res 1997; 72: 8–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lioy PJ, Vollmuth TA, Lippmann M. Persistence of peak flow decrement in children following ozone exposures exceeding the national ambient air quality standard. J Air Polu Control Assoc 1985; 35: 1068–1071.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippmann M. Ozone. In Lippmann M (ed) Environmental toxicants: Human exposures and their health effects. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992. pp 465–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell WF, Forstman DH, Hazucha MJ, et al. Pulmonary effects of ozone exposure during exercise; dose-response characteristics. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 1345–1352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell WF III, Chapman RS, Leigh MW, et al. Respiratory responses of vigorously exercising children to 0.12 ppm ozone exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 875879.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell WF, Muller KE, Bromberg PA, Shy CA. Predictors of individual differences in acute response to ozone exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 818–825.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Messineo TD, Adams WC. Ozone inhalation effects in females varying widely in lung size: comparison with males. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69: 96–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molfino NA, Wright SC, Katz I, et al. Effect of low concentrations of ozone on inhaled allergen responses in asthmatic subjects. Lancet 1991; 338: 199–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudway IS, Housley D, Eccles R, et al. Differential depletion of human respiratory tract antioxidants in response to ozone challenge. Free Rad Res 1996; 25: 499–513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor WA, Church DF. Aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and organic radicals as mediators of ozone toxicity. Free Rad Biol Med 1991; 11:41–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor WA. Can vitamin E protect humans against the pathological effects of ozone in smog? Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:702–722.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor WA. How far does ozone penetrate into the pulmonary air/tissue boundary before it reacts? Free Rad Biol Med 1992; 12:83–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romieu I, Meneses F, Ramirez M, et al. Antioxidant supplementation and respiratory functions among workers exposed to high levels of ozone. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 226–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor F, Demuth C, Snacken R, Walckiers D. Mortality in the elderly and ambient ozone concentration during the hot summer, 1994, in Belgium. Environ Res 1997; 72: 109–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seal E Jr, McDonnell WF, House DE, et al. The pulmonary response of white and black adults to six concentrations of ozone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 804–810.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman F. Asthma and respiratory irritants (ozone). Environ Health Perspect 29: 131–136, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston GD, Ito K, Kinney PL, Lippmann M. A multi-year study of air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions in three New York state metropolitan areas: Results for 1988 and 1989 summers. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol 1992; 2: 429–450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston GD, Gwynn RC. Ozone and asthma mortality/hospital admissions in New York City. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trenga CA. Dietary antioxidants and ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adult asthmatics. PhD Thesis. Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington, March, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • White MC, Etzel RA, Wilcox WD, Lloyd C. Exacerbations of childhood asthma and ozone pollution in Atlanta. Environ Res 1994; 65: 56–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittemore AS, Korn EL. Asthma and air pollution in the Los Angeles area. Am J Public Health 70: 687–696, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwick H, Popp W, Wagner C, et al. Effects of ozone on the respiratory health, allergic sensitization and cellular immune system in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 1075–1079.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Washington, USA

    Jane Q. Koenig

Authors
  1. Jane Q. Koenig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koenig, J.Q. (2000). Health Effects of Ozone. In: Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4569-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4569-9_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7063-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4569-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation