Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Theoretical Approaches to Individual-Level Change in HIV Risk Behavior

  • Chapter
Handbook of HIV Prevention

Part of the book series: Aids Prevention and Mental Health ((APMH))

Abstract

Over the course of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, large numbers of HIV prevention interventions have been implemented in a broad array of settings. Unfortunately, there typically has been an enormous gap between what is known about effective HIV prevention interventions and HIV prevention practice as typically implemented.1 To date, the vast majority of interventions targeting groups that practice high-risk behavior have been enacted by the public health sector and are government-funded projects. Generally, these are either implemented directly by state or provincial health departments, or funded by them and administered by community-based organizations (CBOs). All too often, neither behavioral scientists nor well-tested theories of behavior change are incorporated into the intervention design process,2,3 and rigorous evaluations of the efficacy of these programs are rare. A large number of additional HIV prevention interventions have been undertaken by the public schools,4 and in many jurisdictions there are laws mandating that HIV education be provided but without stipulations concerning how this should be done. Primary and secondary educational institutions generally have fielded extremely weak, atheoretical interventions designed not to offend the religious right wing, with content that is highly unlikely to effectively change HIV risk behavior.4 Until recently, of the entire “portfolio” of HIV prevention interventions that have been implemented, most have focused primarily —and in many cases solely—on providing information about HIV. Such information consistently has been shown to be unrelated to HIV risk behavior change.5–8

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gluck M, Rosenthal E. OTA Report: The Effectiveness of AIDS Prevention Efforts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Sikkema KL, et al. Psychological interventions to prevent HIV infection are urgently needed: New priorities for behavioral research in the second decade of AIDS. Am Psychol 1993; 48:1023–1034.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Holtgrave DR, Qualls NL, Curran JW, et al. An overview of the effectiveness and efficiency of HIV prevention programs. Public Health Rep 1995; 110:134–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kirby D, DiClemente RJ. School-based interventions to prevent unprotected sex and HIV among adolescents. In: DiClemente RI, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1994:117–139.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brunswick AF, Ban aszak-Holl J. HIV risk behavior and the health belief model: An empirical test in an African American community sample. J Community Psychol 1996; 24:44–65.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Exner TM, Seal DW, Ehrhardt AA. A review of HIV interventions for at-risk women. AIDS Behav 1997; 1:93–124.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Changing AIDS risk behavior. Psychol Bull 1992; 111:455–474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Helweg-Larsen M, Collins BE. A social psychological perspective on the role of knowledge about AIDS in AIDS prevention. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 1997; 6:23–53.

    Google Scholar 

  9. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Planning and Evaluating HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs in State and Local Health Departments: A Companion to Program Announcement300. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control: 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Health Canada. Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education. Ottawa: Health Canada; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Coates TJ. Strategies for modifying sexual behavior patterns for primary and secondary prevention of HIV disease. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58:57–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rosenstock IM, Stretcher VJ, Becker MH. The health belief model and HIV risk behavior change. In: DiClemente RI, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1994:5–25.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Catania JA, Gibson DR, Chitwood DD, et al. Methodological problems in AIDS behavioral research: Influences on measurement error and participation bias in studies of sexual behavior. Psychol Bull 1990; 108:339–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fishbein M, Middlestadt SE, Hitchcock PJ. Using information to change sexually transmitted disease-related behaviors. In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1994:61–78.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory and exercise control of HIV infection. In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1994:25–59.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Harlow LL, et al. The transtheoretical model of change and HIV prevention: A review. Health Educ Q 1994; 21:471–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. deWit JBF. The epidemic of HIV among young homosexual men. AIDS 1996; 10:(suppl 3):s21–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Fisher WA, Fisher JD. A general social psychological model for changing AIDS risk behavior. In: Pryor J, Reeder G, eds. The Social Psychology of HIV Infection. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1993:127–153.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ. HIV sexual risk reduction interventions for women: A review. Am J Prey Med 1996; 12:(3):209–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kelly JA. Changing HIV Risk Behavior: Practical Strategies. New York: Guilford Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Johnson RW, Ostrow DG, Joseph J. Educational strategies for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. In: Ostrow DG, ed. Behavioral Aspects of AIDS. New York: Plenum Press; 1990:43–73.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Leviton LC Valdiserri RO. Evaluating AIDS prevention: Outcome, implementation, and mediating variables. Eval Prog Plan 1990; 13:55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Oakley A, Fullerton D, Holland J. Behavioral interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention. AIDS 1995; 9:479–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wallston BS, Wallston KA. Social psychological models of health behavior: An examination and integration. In: Baum RJ, Taylor, Singer, e ds. Handbook of Psychology and Health. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1984:24–53.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hochbaum GM. Public Participation in Medical Screening Programs: A Sociopsychological Study. Public Health Service, PHS Publication 572. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rosenstock IM. Why people use health services. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1996; 44:94–124.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rosenstock IM. Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Educ Monogr 1974; 2:328–335.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kirscht JP. The health belief model and illness behavior. Health Educ Monogr 1974; 2:387–408.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Becker MH. The health belief model and personal health behavior. Health Educ Monogr 1974; 2:324–473.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rosenstock IM, Stretcher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and the health belief method. Health Educ Q 1988; 13:73–92.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kirscht JP. The health belief model and predictions of health actions. In: Crochman D, ed. Health Behavior: Emerging Research Perspectives. New York: Plenum Press; 1988:27–41.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Montgomery S, Joseph J, Becker M, et al. The health belief model in understanding compliance with preventive recommendations for AIDS: How useful? AIDS Educ Prevent 1989; 1:303–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Petosa R, Wessinger J. Using the health belief model to assess the HIV education needs of junior and senior high school students. Int Q Community Health Educ 1990; 10:135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Basen-Enquist K, Parecel GS. Attitudes, norms and self-efficacy: A model of adolescents’ HIV-related sexual risk behavior. Health Educ Q 1992; 19:263–277.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Fisher JD, Misovich SJ. Social influence and AIDS-preventive behavior. In: Edwards J, Tindale RS, Health L, Posavac EJ, eds. Social Influence Processes and Prevention. New York: Plenum Press; 1990:39–70.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hingson RW, Strunin L, Berlin BM, et al. Beliefs about AIDS, use of alcohol and drugs, and unprotected sex among Massachusetts adolescents. Am J Public Health 1990; 80:295–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Povinelli M, Remafedi G, Tao G. Trends and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing by homosexual and bisexual adolescent males, 1989–1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996; 150:33–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Steers WN, Elliott E, Nemiro J, et al. Health beliefs as predictors of HIV-preventive behavior and ethnic differences in prediction. J Soc Psychol 1996; 136:99–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Yep GA. Health beliefs and HIV prevention: Do they predict monogamy and condom use? J Soc Behav Pers 1993; 8:507–520.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Baldwin JD, Baldwin JI. Factors effecting AIDS-related sexual risk taking behavior among college students. J Sex Res 1988; 25:181–196.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Brown LK, DiClemente RJ, Park T. Predictors of condom use among sexually active adolescents. J Adolesc Health 1992; 13:651–657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Catania JA, Dolcini MM, Coates TJ, et al. Predictors of condom use and multiple partnered sex among sexually active adolescent women: Implications for AIDS related health interventions. J Sex Res 1989; 26:514–524.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Catania JA, Coates TJ, Kegeles SM, et al. Condom use in multi-ethnic neighborhoods of San Francisco: The population based AMEN (AIDS in multi-ethnic neighborhoods) study. Am J Public Health 1992; 182:284–287.

    Google Scholar 

  46. DiClemente R, Durbin M, Siegel D, et al. Determinants of condom use among junior high school students in a minority, inner city, school district. Pediatrics 1992; 89:197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Joseph JG, Montgomery SB, Emmons C, et al. Magnitude and determinants of behavioral risk reduction: Longitudinal analysis of a cohort at risk for AIDS. Psychol Health 1987; 1:73–96.

    Google Scholar 

  48. McKusick L, Coates T, Morin S, et al. Longitudinal predictors of reductions in unprotected anal intercourse among gay men in San Francisco: The AIDS behavioral research project. Am JPublic Health 1990; 80:978–983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Walter H, Vaughan R, Gladis M, et al. Factors associated with AIDS risk behaviors among high school students in an AIDS epicenter. Am J Public Health 1993; 82:528–532.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Weisman CS, Nathanson CA, Ensminger M, et al. AIDS knowledge, perceived risk and prevention among adolescent clients of a family planning clinic. Fam Plann Perspect 1989; 21:213–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wilson DJ, Lavelle S, Hood R. Health knowledge and beliefs as predictors of intended condom use among Zimbabwean adolescents in probation/remand homes. AIDS Care 1990; 2:267–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Zielony RD, Wills TA. Psychosocial predictors of AIDS risk behavior in methadone patients. Unpublished manuscript, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York. Forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Bushman BJ. Relation between perceived vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior. Psychol Bull 1996; 119:390–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Flowers P, Sheeran P, Beail N, et al. The role of psychosocial factors in HIV risk reduction among gay and bisexual men: A quantitative review. Psychol Health 1997; 12:(2):197–230.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Yep GA. HIV prevention among Asian-American college students: Does the health belief model work? J Am Coll Health 1993; 14:199–205.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rimberg HM, Lewis RJ. Older adolescents and AIDS: Correlates of self-reported safer sex practices. J Res Adolesc 1994; 4:453–464.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Abraham C, Sheeran P, Spears R, et al. Health beliefs and promotion of HIV-preventive intentions among teenagers: A Scottish perspective. Health Psychol 1992; 11:(6):363–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Des Jarlais DC, Abdul-Quader A, Tross S. The next problem: Maintenance of AIDS risk reduction among intravenous users. Int J Addict 1991; 26:1279–1292.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Edem CU, Harvey SM. Use of health belief model to predict condom use among university students in Nigeria. Int Q Community Health Educ 1994; 15:3–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kegeles SM, Adler NE, Irwin CE, Jr. Adolescents and condoms. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143:911–915.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Orr DP, Langefeld CD, Katz PB, et al. Factors associated with condom use among sexually active female adolescents. J Pediatr 1992; 120:311–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Yep GA. HIV/AIDS in Asian and Pacific Islander communities in the US: A review, analysis and integration. Int Q Community Health Educ 1993; 13:293–315.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Janz N, Becker M. The health belief model: A decade later. Health Educ Q 1984; 11:1–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fisher WA, Fisher JD. Understanding and promoting AIDS preventive behavior: A conceptual model and educational tool. Can J Hum Sex 1992; 1:99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  65. McKusick L, Wiley JA, Coates TJ, et al. Reported changes in the sexual behavior of men at risk for AIDS. San Francisco, 1982–1984. Public Health Rep 1985; 100:622–628.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Bryan AD, Aiken LS, West SG. Increasing condom use: Evaluation of a theory-based intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases in young women. Health Psychol 1996; 15:371–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Joffe A, Radius SM. Self-efficacy and intent to use condoms among entering college freshmen. JAdolesc Health 1993; 14:262–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kalichman S, Carey M, Johnson BT. Prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection: A meta-analytic review of the behavioral outcome literature. Ann Behav Med 1996; 18:6–15.

    Google Scholar 

  69. McKusick L, Coates T, Wiley JA, et al. Prevention of HIV Infection among Gay and Bisexual Men: Two Longitudinal Studies. Paper presented at the III International Conference on AIDS Washington, DC; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Weisman CS, Plichta S, Nathanson CA, et al. Consistency of condom use for disease prevention among adolescent users of oral contraceptives. Fam Plann Perspect 1991; 23:71–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Arnold L, Quine L. Predicting helmet use among schoolboy cyclists: An application of the health belief model. In: Rutter DR, Quine L, eds. Social Psychology and Health: European Perspectives. Aldershot, England UK: Avebury/Ashgate Publishing; 1994:101–130.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cummings K, Jette A, Brock B, et al. Psychosocial determinants of immunization behavior in a swine influenza campaign. Med Care 1979; 17:639–649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Haefner D, Kirscht J. Motivational and behavioral effects on modifying health beliefs. Public Health Rep 1970; 85:478–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Montano DE. Predicting and understanding influenza vaccination behavior. Med Care 1986; 24:438–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Pirie P, Elias W, Wackman D, et al. Characteristics of participants and nonparticipants in a community cardiovascular risk factor screening: The Minnesota Heart Health Program. Am J Prey Med 1986; 2:20–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Seydel E, Taal E, Wiegman O. Risk-appraisal, outcome and self-efficacy expectancies: Cognitive factors in preventive behaviour related to cancer. Psychol Health 1990; 4:99–109.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Rosenstock IM. The health belief model: Explaining health behavior through expectancies. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1990:39–62.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Sorensen JL. Preventing HIV transmission in drug treatment programs: What works? In: Stimmel B, Friedman JR, Lipton DS, eds. Cocaine, AIDS, and Intravenous Drug Use. Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press; 1991:67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Rose MA. Effect of an AIDS education program for older adults. J Commun Health Nurs 1996; 13:141–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ford K, Wirawan DN, Fajans P, et al. Behavioral interventions for reduction of sexually transmitted disease/HIV transmission among female commercial sex workers and clients in Bali, Indonesia. AIDS 1996; 10:213–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Harrison JA, Mullen PD, Green LW. A meta-analysis of studies of the health belief model with adults. Health Educ Res 1992; 7:107–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Montano DE. Compliance with health care recommendations: A reassessment of the health belief model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kirscht JP, Joseph JG. The health belief model: Some implications for behavior change, with reference to homosexual males. In: Mays VM, Albee GW, Schneider SF, eds. Primary Prevention of AIDS. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1989:111–127.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Catania JA, Kegeles SM, Coates TJ. Towards an understanding of risk behavior: An AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM). Health Educ Q 1990; 17:53–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Prom 1997; 12: 38–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fisher JD. Possible effects of reference group-based social influence on AIDS-risk behavior and AIDS-intervention. [Special issue on AIDS] Am Psychol 1988; 43:914–920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Bryan AD, Aiken LS, West SG. Young women’s condom use: The influence of responsibility for sexuality, control over the sexual encounter and perceived susceptibility to common STDs. Health Psychol 1997;16:468–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Fisher JD, Fisher WA, Williams SS, et al. Empirical tests of an information-motivation-behavioral skills model of AIDS-preventive behavior with gay men and heterosexual university students. Health Psychol 1994; 13: 238–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. O’Leary A, Goodhart F, Jemmott LS, et al. Predictors of safer sex on the college campus: A social cognitive theory analysis. J Am Coll Health 1992; 40:254–263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Fisher JD, Nadler A, Whitcher-Alagna S. Recipient reactions to aid. Psychol Bull 1982; 91:27–54.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Nadler A. Personal characteristics of help seeking. In: DePaulo B, Nadler A, Fisher J, eds. New Directions in Helping: Help Seeking. New York: Academic Press; 1983:303–336.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Misovich SJ, Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Close relationships and HIV risk behavior: Evidence and possible underlying psychological processes. Gen Psychol Rev 1997; 1:72–107.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Bertrand JT, Brown LF, Kinzoni M, et al. AIDS knowledge in three sites in Bas-Zaire. AIDS Educ Prevent 1992; 4:251–266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Ireland SJ, Malow RM, Alberga L, et al. A Test of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model with Indigent, Cocaine Abusing Women. Paper presented at the 56th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Palm Beach, FL, June 18–23, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Catania J, Coates TJ, Kegeles S. A test of the AIDS risk reduction model: Psychosocial correlates of condom use in the AMEN cohort survey. Health Psychol 1994; 13:548–555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kowalewski MR, Longshore D, Anglin MD. The AIDS risk reduction model: Examining intentions to use condoms among injection drug users. J Appl Soc Psychol 1994; 24:2002–2027.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Longshore D, Anglin MD. Intentions to share injection paraphernalia: An empirical test of the AIDS risk reduction model among injection drug users. Int J Addict 1995; 30:305–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Adib SM, Joseph JG, Ostrow DG, et al. Predictors of relapse in sexual practices among homosexual men. AIDS Educ Prevent 1991; 3:293–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hays R, Kegeles S, Coates T. High HIV risk-taking among young gay men. AIDS 190; 4:901–907.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Malow RM, West JA, Corrigan SA, et al. Outcome of psychoeducation for HIV risk reduction. AIDS Educ Prevent 1994; 6:113–125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kline A, Vanlandingham M. HIV-infected women and sexual risk reduction: The relevance of existing models of behavior change. AIDS Educ Prevent 1994; 6:390–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Fisher JD, Kimble DL, Misovich SJ, et al. Dynamic of sexual risk behavior in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav 1998; 2:101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Offir JT, Fisher JD, Williams SS, et al. Reasons for inconsistent AIDS preventive behaviors among gay men. J Sex Res 1993; 30:62–69.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Malow RM, Corrigan SA, Cunningham SC, et al. Psychosocial factors associated with condom use among African-American drug abusers in treatment. AIDS Educ Prevent 1993; 5:244–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Catania JA, Coates TJ, Kegeles SM, et al. Implications of the AIDS risk reduction model for the gay community: The importance of perceived sexual enjoyment and help-seeking behaviors. In: Mays VM, Albee GW, Schneider SF, eds. Primary Prevention of AIDS. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1989:242–261.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Connell RW, Crawford J, Kippax S, et al. Facing the epidemic: Changes in the sexual lives of gay and bisexual men in Australia and their implications for AIDS prevention strategies. Soc Prob 1989; 36:384 402.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Gibson DR, Sorensen JL, Lovelle-Drache J, et al. Psychosocial Predictors of AIDS: High Risk Behaviors among Intravenous Drug Users. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Fishbein M, Trafimow D, Middlestadt SE, et al. Using an AIDS KAPB survey to identify determinants of condom use among sexually active adults from St. Vincent and the Grenadines. JAppl Soc Psychol 1995; 25:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Peterson JL, Coates TJ, Catania J, et al. Evaluation of an HIV risk reduction intervention among African-American homosexual and bisexual men. AIDS 1996; 10:319–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Boyer CB, Kegeles SM. AIDS risk and prevention among adolescents. Soc Sci Med 1991; 33:11–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Breakwell GM, Millward LJ, Fife-Schaw C. Commitment to “safer” sex as a predictor of condom use among 16–20 year olds. J Appl Soc Psychol 1994;. 24:189–217.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Toward a comprehensive model of change. In: Miller WR, Heather N, eds. Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change. New York: Plenum Press; 1986:3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: Application to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol 1992; 47:1102–1114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. . Grimley DM, Riley GE, Prochaska JO, et al. The Application of the Transtheoretical Model to Contraceptive and Condom Use in High Risk Women. Technical Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (contract grant CSA-92–109). Kingston, RI: Cancer Prevention Research Center; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Redding CA, Rossi JS. The processes of safer sex adoption. Ann Behav Med 1993; 15:S106. Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS, et al. Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psycho! 1994; 13:39–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Galavotti C, Cabral RI, Lansky A, et al. Validation of measures of condom and other contraceptive use among women at high risk for HIV or unintended pregnancy. Health Psychol 1995; 14:570–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Prochaska JO. Strong and weak principles for progressing from precontemplation to action on the basis of twelve problem behaviors. Health Psychol 1994; 13:47–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ockene J, Ockene I, Kristellar J. The Coronary Artery Smoking Intervention Study. Worcester, MA: National Heart Lung Blood Institute; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages of change in the modification of problem behaviors. In: Herson M, Eisler R, Miller PM, eds. Progress in Behavior Modification. Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Publishing; 1992:183–218.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Grimley DM, Prochaska GE, Prochaska JO. Condom use assertiveness and the stages of change with main and other partners. J Appl Biobehav Res 1993; 1:152–173.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Grimley DM, Riley GE, Bellis JM, et al. Assessing the stages of change and decision making for contraceptive use for the prevention for pregnancies, STDs and AIDS. Health Educ Q 1993; 20:455–470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Harlow LL, Prochaska JO, Redding CA, et al. Stages of condom use in a high HIV-risk sample. Psychol Health 1997;1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Prochaska JO, Harlow LL, Redding CA, et al. Stages of Change,Self-Efficacy, and Decisional Balance for Condom Use with a High Risk Sample. Contract Grant 0–415–486. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Rhodes F, Malotte CK. Using stages of change to assess intervention readiness and outcome in modifying drug-related and sexual HIV risk behaviors of IDUs and crack users. Drugs Soc 1996; 9:(1–2):109–136.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Grimley DM, Prochaska GE, Prochaska JO. Condom use adoption and continuation: A transtheoretical approach. Health Educ Res 1997; 12:61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Bowen AM, Trotter R. HIV risk in intravenous drug users and crack cocaine smokers: Predicting stages of change for condom use. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63:238–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Evers KE, Harlow LL, Redding CA, et al. Longitudinal changes in stages of change for condom use in women. Am J Health Prom 1998; 13:(1):19–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Evers KE, Harlow LL. Predictors of Stage of Condom Use in Women Over a One Year Period. Washington, DC: Fourth International Congress of Behavioral Medicine (Poster); 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Galavotti C, Grimley DM, Cabral RJ. Condom Acceptability among Women at High Risk for HIV Infection. Society of Behavioral Medicine, Boston, MA: CDC Perinatal HIV Prevention and Education Demonstration Activities and the CDC Prevention of HIV in Women and Infants Demonstration Projects; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Grimley DM, Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, et al. Contraceptive and condom use adoption and maintenance: A stage paradigm approach. Health Educ Q 1995; 22:20–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Redding CA, Rossi JS. Testing a model of situational self efficacy for safer sex among college students: Stage of change and gender-based differences. Psychol Health 1998; 00:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Anonymous. Community-level prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among high-risk populations: The AIDS Community Demonstration Projects. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996; 45:(RR-6):1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Jamner MS, Wolitski RJ, Corby NH. Impact of a longitudinal community HIV intervention targeting injecting drug users’ stage of change for condom and bleach use. Am J Health Prom 1997; 12:15–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Cabral RJ, Galavotti C, Gargiullo PM, et al. Paraprofessional delivery of a theory-based HIV prevention counseling intervention for women. Public Health Rep 1996; 3:75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Bandura A. Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. In: Mays VM, Albee GW, Schneider SM, eds. Primary Prevention of AIDS. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1989:128–141.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Bandura A. A social cognitive approach to the exercise of control of AIDS infection. In: DiClemente RJ, ed. Adolescents and AIDS: A Generation in Jeopardy. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1992:89–116.

    Google Scholar 

  139. St. Lawrence JS, Brasfield TL, Jefferson KW, et al. Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce African American adolescents’ risk for HIV infection. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63:221–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Jemmot JBI. Social psychological influences on HIV risk behavior among African-American youth. In: Understanding and Preventing HIV Risk Behavior: Safer Sex and Drug Use. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1996:131–156.

    Google Scholar 

  141. DiClemente RJ, Lodico M, Grinstead OA, et al. African-American adolescents residing in high-risk urban environments do use condoms: Correlates and predictors of condom use among adolescents in public housing developments. Pediatrics 1996; 98:269–278.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Sieving R, Resnick MD, Bearinger L, et al. Cognitive and behavioral predictors of sexually transmitted disease risk behavior among sexually active adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151:243–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Wulfert E, Wan CK. Condom use: A self-efficacy model. Health Psychol 1993; 12:346–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Fernandez-Esquer ME, Krepcho MA, Freeman AC, et al. Predictors of condom use among African-American males at high risk for HIV. J Appl Soc Psychol 1998; 27:58–74.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kalichman SC, Stevenson LY. Psychological and social factors associated with histories of risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection among African-American inner-city women. J Women Health 1997; 6:(2):209–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kalichman S, Kelly JA, St. Lawrence JS. Factors influencing reduction of sexual risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus: A review. Ann Sex Res 1996; 3:129–148.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Wulfert E, Wan CK, Backus CA. Gay men’s safer sex behavior: An integration of three models. J Behav Med 1996; 19:345–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Wulfert E, Safren SA, Brown I, et al. Cognitive, behavioral, and personality correlates of HIV-positive persons’ unsafe sexual behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol 1999; 29:(2):223–244.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Seal A, Minichiello V, Omodei M. Young women’s sexual risk taking behavior: Revisiting the influences of sexual self-efficacy and sexual self esteem. Int J STD AIDS 1997; 8:159–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Falck RS, Siegal HA, Wang J, et al. Usefulness of health belief model in predicting HIV needle risk practices among injection drug users. AIDS Educ Prevent 1995; 7:523–533.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Gibson DR, Choi KH, Ctania JA, et al. Psychological predictors of needle sharing among intravenous drug users. Int J Addict 1993; 28:973–981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Kok G, deVries H, Muddle AN, et al. Planned health education and the role of self-efficacy: Dutch research. Health Educ Res 1991; 6:231–402.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Krepcho MA, Fernandez-Esquer ME, Freeman AC, et al. Predictors of bleach use among current African-American injecting drug users; A community study. J Psychoactive Drugs 1993; 26:135–141.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Longshore D, Stein JA, Anglin MD. Ethnic differences in the psychosocial antecedents of needle/syringe disinfection. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996; 42:183–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR. The psychology of preventing AIDS among intravenous drug users: A social learning conceptualization. Am Psychol 1988; 43:865–870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Latkin C, Mandell W, Vlahov D, et al. Personal network characteristics as antecedents to needle-sharing and shooting gallery attendance. Soc Net 1995; 17:219–228.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Neaigus A, Friedman SR, Curtis R, et al. The relevance of drug injectors’ social and risk network for understanding and preventing HIV infection. Soc Sci Med 1994; 38:67–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Poku KA, Linn JG. Behavioral and psychosocial factors related to HIV-infected individual’s knowingly engaging in high risk-behavior. J Tenn Med Assoc 1994; 87:97–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Kalichman S, Rompa D, Coley B. Lack of positive outcomes from a cognitive-behavioral HIV and AIDS prevention intervention for inner-city men: Lessons from a controlled pilot study. AIDS Educ Prevent 1997; 9: 299–313.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Fishbein M, Middlestadt SE. Using the theory of reasoned action as a framework for understanding and changing AIDS-related behaviors. In: Mays VM, Albee GW, Schneider SF, eds. Primary Prevention of Psychopathology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1989:93–110.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Terry D, Gallois C, McCamish M. The Theory of Reasoned Action: Its Application to AIDS-Preventive Behavior. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Fisher WA. Predicting contraceptive behavior among university men: The roles of emotions and behavioral intentions. J Appl Soc Psychol 1984; 14:104–123.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Basen-Enquist K. Psychosocial predictors of “safer sex” behaviors in young adults. AIDS Educ Prevent 1992; 4:120–134.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Fisher WA, Fisher JD, Rye BJ. Understanding and promoting AIDS preventive behavior: Insights from the theory of reasoned action. Health Psychol 1995; 14:255–264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Sheppard BH, Hartwick J, Warshaw PR. The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research 1988; 15:325–342.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Albarracin D, Johnson BT, Fishbein M, et al. Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  167. Rye BJ. The theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in relation to university women’s safer sex behaviors: A prospective investigation. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. Forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Doll J, Orth B. The Fishbein and Ajzen theory of reasoned action applied to contraceptive behavior: Model variants and meaningfulness. J Appl Soc Psychol 1993; 23:395–415.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Fishbein M, Chan DKS, O’Reilly K, et al. Attitudinal and normative factors as determinants of gay men’s intentions to perform AIDS-related sexual behaviors: A multisite analysis. J Appl Soc Psychol 1992; 22:999–1011.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Jemmott LS, Jemmott JB. Applying the theory of reasoned action to AIDS risk behavior: Condom use among black women. Nurs Res 1991; 40:228–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kashima Y, Gallois C, McCamish M. The theory of reasoned action and cooperative behavior: It takes two to use a condom. J Soc Psychol 1993; 32:227–239.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Morrison DM, Gillmore MR, Baker SA. Determinants of condom use among high-risk heterosexual adults: A test of the theory of reasoned action. J Appl Soc Psychol 1995; 25:651–676.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Boyd B, Wandersman A. Predicting undergraduate condom use with the Fishbein and Ajzen and the Triandis attitude-behavior models: Implications for public health interventions. J Appl Soc Med 1991; 21:1810–1830.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Centers for Disease Control. Project Respect Observation and Feedback Guide. Atlanta, GA: Project Respect Group; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Centers for Disease Control. Community Demonstration Projects (CSI data). Atlanta, GA: Community Demonstration Projects; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Fisher JD, Fisher WA, Misovich SJ, et al. Changing AIDS risk behavior: Effects of an intervention emphasizing AIDS risk reduction information, motivation, and behavioral skills in a college student population. Health Psychol 1996; 15:114–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Jemmott JBI, Jemmott LS, Fong GT. Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among Black male adolescents: Effects of an AIDS prevention intervention. Am J Public Health 1992; 82:372–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Jemmott JBI, Jemmott LS, Fong GT, et al. Reducing HIV risk-associated sexual behavior among African American adolescents: Testing the generality of intervention effects. Am J Community Psychol 1999; 27:(2): 161–187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Jemmott LS, Jemmott JBI. Increasing condom use intentions among sexually active inner-city black adolescent women: Effects of an AIDS prevention program. Nurs Res 1992; 41:273–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Kazprzyk D, Montano DE, Fishbein M. Application of an integrated behavioral model to change condom use behaviors: A prospective study among high HIV risk groups. J Appl Soc Psychol 1998; 28:(17):1557–1583.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Warner TD, et al. Perceived vulnerability to HIV infection and AIDS preventive behavior: A critical review of the evidence. In: Pryor JB, Reeder GD, eds. The Social Psychology of HIV Infection. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1993:59–84.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behaviour. In: Kuhl J, Beckman J, eds. Action Control from Cognition to Behaviour. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1985:11–39.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behaviour. Org Behav Hum Dec Proc 1991; 50:179–211.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Ajzen I, Madden TJ. Prediction of goal directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. J Exp Soc Psychol 1986; 22:453–474.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Godin G, Kok G. The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. Am J Health Prom 1996; 11:87–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Basen-Enquist K. Evaluation of a theory-based HIV prevention intervention for college students. AIDS Educ Prevent 1994; 6:412–424.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Chan DKS, Fishbein M. Determinants of college women’s intentions to tell their partners to use condoms. JAppl Soc Psychol 1993; 23:1455–1470.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Jemmott JBI, Jemmott LS, Hacker CI. Predicting intentions to use condoms among African-American adolescents: The theory of planned behavior as a model of HIV risk associated behavior. J Ethnic Dis 1992; 2:371–380.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Madden TJ, Ellen PS, Ajzen I. A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality Soc Psycho! Bull 1992; 18:3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Netemeyer RG, Burton S, Johnston M. A comparison of two models for the prediction of volitional and goal-directed behaviors: A confirmatory analysis approach. Soc Psychol Q 1991; 54:87–100.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Fisher JD, Fisher WA. A general technology for AIDS risk behavior change. Grant submitted to the National Institute of Mental Health (1R01 MH46224) 1991; 31–58.

    Google Scholar 

  192. US Department of Health and Human Services. Understanding AIDS. HHS-88–8404. Rockville, MD: Centers for Disease Control; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Kelly JA, St. Lawrence JS. The AIDS Health Crisis: Psychological and Social Interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Fisher WA. A theory-based framework for intervention and evaluation in STD/HIV prevention. Can J Hum Sex 1997; 6:(2):105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Fisher WA. Understanding and preventing adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmissible disease/AIDS. In: Edwards J, Tindale RS, Health L, Posavac EJ, eds. Social Influence Processes and Prevention. New York: Plenum Press; 1990:71–101.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Hammer JC, Fisher JD, Fitzgerald P, et al. When two heads aren’t better than one: AIDS risk behavior in college-age couples. J Appl Soc Psychol 1996; 26:375–397.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Misovich SJ, Fisher JD, Fisher WA. The perceived AIDS-preventive utility of knowing one’s partner well: A public health dictum and individual’s risky sexual behaviour. Can J Hum Sex 1996; 5:83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Williams SS, Kimble D, Covell N, et al. College students use implicit personality theory instead of safer sex. J Appl Soc Psychol 1992; 22:921–933.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Fisher JD, Fisher WA. The information-motivation-behavioral skills model of AIDS risk behavior change: Empirical support and application. In: Oskamp S, Thompson S, eds. Understanding and Preventing HIV Risk Behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1996:100–127.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Carey MP, Carey KB, Kalichman SC. Risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among persons with severe mental illnesses. Clin Psychol Rev 1997; 17:271–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Carey MP, Carey KB, Weinhardt LS, et al. Behavioral risk for HIV infection among adults with a severe and persistent mental illness: Patterns and psychological antecedents. Community Mental Health J 1997; 33:(2): 133–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Byrne D, Kelley K, Fisher WA. Unwanted teenage pregnancies: Incidence, interpretation, intervention. Appl Prevent Psychol 1993; 2:101–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Program Goals. AIDS Prevention Education Services. Hartford, CT: Connecticut Department of Public Health; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Misovich SJ, Fisher WA, Fisher JD. A measure of AIDS prevention information, motivation and behavioral skills. In: Davis CM, et al, eds. Sexuality Related Measures. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1998:328–337.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Williams SS, Doyle TM, Pittman LD, et al. Role-played safer sex skills of heterosexual college students influenced by both personal and partner factors. AIDS Behav 1998; 2:(3):177–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Anderson ES, Wagstaff DA, Sikkema KJ, et al. AIDS prevention among low-income, urban African-American and white women: Testing the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model. Poster presented at the 18th Annual Scientific Sessions of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, San Francisco, CA; April, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  207. DeVroome EM, de Wit JB, Sandfort TG, et al. Department of Gay and Lesbian Studies and Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, ed. Comparing the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills-Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior in Explaining Unsafe Sex Among Gay Men. The Netherlands: Utrecht University; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Bryan AD, Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Translating skills into actions: Tests of the role of safer sex preparatory behavior using the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. Forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Fisher WA, Williams SS, Fisher JD, et al. Understanding AIDS risk behavior among urban adolescents: An empirical test of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. AIDS Behav 1999; 3:13–23.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Carey MP, Maisto SA, Kalichman SC, et al. Enhancing motivation to reduce the risk of HIV infection for economically disadvantaged urban women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65:(4):531–541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Weinhardt LM, Carey MP, Carey KB. HIV risk reduction for the seriously mentally ill: Pilot investigation and call for research. J Behav Ther Exp Psychol 1997; 28:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Joseph JG, Montgomery SB, Kirscht J, et al. Behavioral Risk Reduction in a Cohort of Gay Men: Two-year Follow-Up. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, June, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for HIV Intervention and Prevention, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA

    Jeffrey D. Fisher

  2. Social Science Center, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C2

    William A. Fisher

Authors
  1. Jeffrey D. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William A. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    John L. Peterson Ph.D.

  2. Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Ralph J. DiClemente Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fisher, J.D., Fisher, W.A. (2000). Theoretical Approaches to Individual-Level Change in HIV Risk Behavior. In: Peterson, J.L., DiClemente, R.J. (eds) Handbook of HIV Prevention. Aids Prevention and Mental Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4137-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4137-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6855-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4137-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation