Abstract
In managing the tasks and resources in a real-time system, there are three phases to consider:
-
allocation - the assignment of the tasks and resources to the appropriate nodes or processors in the system
-
scheduling - ordering the execution of tasks such that their timing constraints are met and the consistency of resources is maintained, and
-
dispatching - executing the tasks in conformance with the scheduler’s decisions.
Whereas a large part of our work deals with scheduling, more recently we have begun to examine allocation and dispatching issues in the context of our scheduling approach. To date, the main results of our work include (i) the adoption and development of guarantee, a notion fundamental to predictable scheduling, (ii) algorithms for the guarantee of dynamically arriving tasks, (iii) an analysis of the quality of the schedules produced by the basic version of our algorithm, (iv) the schemes for reclaiming unused time and resources when tasks complete early, (y) distributed scheduling and meta-level control techniques, and (vi) algorithms for the static allocation and scheduling of safety-critical tasks. These results form the basis for predictable, adaptable, and flexible scheduling support for complex real-time systems.
This work was supported by ONR under contract N00014-85-K-0389, by NSF under grant DCR-8500332, and by a grant from Texas Instruments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Biyabani, “The Integration of Deadline and Criticalness in Hard Real–Time Scheduling,” Masters Thesis, Univ. of Mass., August 1987.
S. Biyabani, J.A. Stankovic, and K. Ramamritham, “The Integration of Deadline and Criticalness in Hard Real–Time Scheduling,” Proc. Real-Time Systems Symposium, December 1988.
S. Cheng, J.A. Stankovic, and K. Ramamritham, “Dynamic Scheduling of Groups of Tasks with Precedence Constraints in Distributed Hard Real-Time Systems,” Real-Time Systems Symposium,December 1986.
S. Cheng, “Dynamic Scheduling Algorithms for Distributed Hard Real-Time Systems,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts, May 1987.
L.D.Molesky, K. Ramamritham,C. Shen,J.A.Stankovic, and G. Zlokapa. “Implementing a Predictable Real-time Multiprocessor Kernel – the Spring Kernel”, 7th IEEE Workshop on Real-time Operating Systems and Software, May 1990.
A.K. Mok “Fundamental Design Problems of Distributed Systems for the Hard Real-Time Environment”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT Cambridge, Mass.,May 1983.
K.Ramamritham and J.A. Stankovic, “Dynamic Task Scheduling in Distributed Hard Real-Time Systems,” IEEE Software, 1(3), 1984.
K. Ramamritham, J. Stankovic, W. Zhao, “Meta-Level Control in Distributed Real-Time Systems,” Intl. Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, September 1987.
K. Ramamritham, J. Stankovic, P. Shiah, “0(n) Scheduling Algorithms for Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems,” International Conference on Parallel Processing Systems, August 1989.
K. Ramamritham, J. Stankovic, and W. Zhao, “Distributed Scheduling of Tasks With Deadlines and Resource Requirements,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 38, No. 8, August 1989, pp. 1110–1123.
K. Ramamritham, J. Stankovic, and P. Shiah, “Efficient Scheduling Algorithms for Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 1, No. 2, April 1990, pp. 184–194.
K. Ramamritham, “Scheduling Complex Periodic Tasks”, Intl. Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, June 1990.
K. Ramamritham and J. M. Adan, “Load Balancing During the Static Allocation and Scheduling of Complex Periodic Tasks”, COINS Technical Report, October 1990.
L. Sha, R. Rajkumar, J. Lehoczky and K. Ramamritham, “Mode Change Protocols for Priority-Driven Preemptive Scheduling”, Real-Time Systems, pp. 243–264, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 1989.
C. Shen, K. Ramamritham, and J. Stankovic, Resource Reclaiming in Real-Time, Proc Real-Time System Symposium, December 1990.
P. Shiah, “Real-Time Multiprocessor Scheduling Algorithms,” MS Thesis, Univ. of Mass., January 1989.
J.A. Stankovic, “Stability and Distributed Scheduling Algorithms,” IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-11, No. 10, October 1985.
J.A. Stankovic, K. Ramamritham, and S. Cheng, “Evaluation of a Flexible Task Scheduling Algorithm for Distributed Hard Real-Time Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Computers,December 1985, pp. 1130–1143.
J. A. Stankovic, “Misconceptions About Real-Time Computing,” IEEE Computer, October 1988.
J. A. Stankovic and K. Ramamritham, Hard Real-Time Systems, Tutorial Text, IEEE Press, 1988.
J.A. Stankovic, “Decentralized Decision Making for Task Allocation in a Hard Real-Time System” IEEE Transactions on Computers, March 1989.
J. A. Stankovic and K. Ramamritham, “The Spring Kernel: A New Paradigm for Real–Time Systems,” IEEE Software, May 1992. pp. 54–71.
J.D. Ullman, “Polynomial Complete Scheduling Problems”, Operating System Review, Vol. 7, No. 4, October. 1973.
J.D. Ullman, “NP-Complete Scheduling Problems”, Journal of Computer and System Science, October. 1975.
F. Wang, K. Ramamritham, and J.A. Stankovic, “Bounds on the Schedule Length for Some Heuristic Scheduling Algorithms for Hard Real-time Tasks”, submitted for publication, September 1990.
W. Zhao, “A Heuristic Approach to Scheduling with Resource Requirements in Distributed Systems,” Ph.D. Thesis, February 1986.
W. Zhao, K. Ramamritham and J. A. Stankovic, “Preemptive Scheduling under Time and Resource Constraints,” IEEE Trans. on Computers, August 1987, pp. 949–960.
W. Zhao, K. Ramamritham and J. A. Stankovic, “Scheduling Tasks with Resource Requirements in Hard Real-Time Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, SE-12(5), May 1987.
W. Zhao and K. Ramamritham, “Simple and Integrated Heuristic Algorithms for Scheduling Tasks with Time and Resource Constraints,” Journal of Systems and Software, Vol 7, 1987, pp. 195205.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ramamritham, K., Stankovic, J.A. (1991). Scheduling Strategies Adopted in Spring: An Overview. In: van Tilborg, A.M., Koob, G.M. (eds) Foundations of Real-Time Computing: Scheduling and Resource Management. The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, vol 141. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3956-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3956-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6766-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3956-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive