Skip to main content

Soil Stabilization and Grouting

  • Chapter
Foundation Engineering Handbook

Abstract

Soil stabilization and grouting are methods of soil improvement. Soil improvement is a combination of physical and chemical methods for regional or mass densification, reinforcement, cementation, and control of drainage and volume stability of soil when it is used as a construction material.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acar, Y. (1988), Communication, Department of Civil Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acar, Y. B., Gale, R. W., Putnam, G., and Hamed, J. (1989), Electrochemical processing of soils: Its potential use in environmental geotechnology and significance of pH gradients, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, Shanghai, China, 1, Envo Publishing Co., Inc., Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acott, S. M. and Myburgh, P. A. (1983), Design and performance study of sand bases treated with foamed asphalt, Transportation Research Board No. 898, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 232–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersland, O. B. and Anderson, D. M. (1978), Geotechnical Engineering for Cold Regions, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • ARBA (1971), Materials for Soil Stabilization, Education and Information Guide, American Roadbuilders Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arman, A. (1988), Short Course Notes on Soil-Cement and Soil-Lime Stabilization, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arman, A. and Saifan, F. (1967), The effect of delayed compaction on stabilized soil-cement, Highway Research Board No. 198, Washington, D.C., pp. 30–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arman, Ara and Dantin, T. J. (1969), The effect of admixtures on layered systems constructed with soil-cement, Highway Research Record No. 263, Washington, D.C., pp. 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arman, Ara and Munfakh, G. A. (1972), Lime stabilization of organic soils, Highway Research Record No. 381, Washington, D.C., pp. 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASCE (1978), Soil Improvement: History, Capabilities and Outlook, Report by the Committee on Placement and Improvement of Soils of the Geotechnical Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineering, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 326 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASCE (1987), Soil Improvement-A Ten Year Update, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 12, ed. J. P. Welsh, ASCE, New York, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asphalt Institute (1974), Mix Design Methods for Liquid Asphalt Mixtures, Supplement to MS-2 (Misc. 74–2), The Asphalt Institute, College Park, Md.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asphalt Institute (1982a), Soils Manual, MS-10, The Asphalt Institute, College Park, Md.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asphalt Institute (1982b), Asphalt Surface Treatments-Specifications, ES-11, The Asphalt Institute, College Park, Md.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASTM (1980), Extending Aggregate Resources, ASTM STP 774, Philadelphia, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. F., Byrd, L. G., and Mickle, D. G. (eds.) (1975), Handbook of Highway Engineering, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W. H. (ed.) (1982), Proceedings of the Conference on Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, New Orleans, La.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W. H., Cording, E. J., and MacPherson, H. H. (1983), Compaction grouting to control ground movements during tunneling, Underground Space, 7, pp. 205–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W. H., Gazaway, H. N., and Kautzrnann, G. (1984), Grouting rehabs earth dam, ASCE, Civil Engineering, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barenberg, E. J. and Thompson, M. R. (1982), Design, construction and performance of lime, flyash and slag pavement, Transportation Research Record No. 839, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, F. G. (ed.) (1975), Methods of Treatment of Unstable Ground, Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. H. and Hulbert, M. H. (1986), Clay Microstructure, IHRDC Publishers, Boston, Mass.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bergeson, K. L., Pitt, J. M., and Demirel, T. (1984), Increasing cementitious products of a class C fly ash, Transportation Research Record No. 998, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 41–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerrum, L., Moum, J., and Eide, O. (1967), Application of electro-osmosis on a foundation problem in Norwegian quick clay, Geotechnique, 17, No. 3, pp. 214–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blacklock, J. R. and Wright, P. J. (1986), Injection stabilization of failed highway embankments, Transportation Research Board No. 1104, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodocsi, A., Bowders, M. T., and Sherer, R. (1988), Reactivity of various grouts to hazardous wastes and leachates, Project Summary, EPA/600/S2–88/021, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohn, L. H., McNeal, B. L., and O’Connor, G. A. (1985), Soil Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, A., Blakita, P., and Clarke, W. (1988), Grout supports Brooklyn tunneling, ASCE, Civil Engineering, January.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, B., Schuster, J. A., and Burnham, E. W. (1978), Ground freezing for support of open excavations, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Bochum, Germany, pp. 429–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • British National Society of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (1963), Grouts and Drilling Muds in Engineering Practice, Butterworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, D. A. (1988), Developments in geotechnical construction process for urban engineering, Civil Engineering Practice, Spring, pp. 49–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryhn, O., Loken, T., and Aas, G. (1983), Stabilization of sensitive clays with hydroxy-aluminum compared with unslaked lime, Proceedings of the 8th ECSMFE, Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calcium Chloride Institute (1953), Calcium Chloride for Stabilization of Bases and Wearing Courses, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambefort, H. (1964), Injection des Sols, Eyrolles, Paris, 567 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambefort, H. and Caron, C. (1954), Method for impermeabilization or consolidation of permeable soils and other porous masses, French patent 1,148,413 (June 26).

    Google Scholar 

  • Caron, C. (1964), New procedures in the use of clay grouts, and material utilized in their practical application, French patent 1,237,3111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casagrande, L. (1949), Electro-osmosis in soils, Geotechnique, 1, pp. 1959–1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casagrande, L. (1959), Review of Past and Current Work on Electro-Osmotic Stabilization of Soils, Harvard Soil Mechanics Series No. 45, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. (reprinted November 1959, contains supplement of June 1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Castedo, L. H. and Wood, L. E. (1983), Stabilization with foamed asphalt of aggregates commonly used in low-volume roads, Transportation Research Record No. 898, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 232–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappel, B. A. and Burton, P. L. (1975), Electro-osmosis applied to unstable embankment, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 101, No. GT8, pp. 733–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clare, K. E. and Sherwood, P. T. (1954), The effect of organic matter on the setting of soil-cement mixtures, Journal of Applied Chemistry, No. 4, November, pp. 625–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clough, G. W., Kuck, W. M., and Kasali, G. (1979), Silicate stabilized sands, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 105, No. GT1, pp. 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cincotto, M. A. (1984), Selection of waste materials with pozzolanic activity, Low Cost and Energy Saving Construction Materials. 1, Envo Publishing Co., Inc., Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 287–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, D. J. (1984), Production of cements based on rice husk ash, Low Cost and Energy Saving Construction Materials, 1, Envo Publishing Co., Inc., Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coomber, D. B. (1985), Groundwater control by jet grouting, Proceedings of the 21st Regional Conference of the Engineering Group of the Geological Society, Sheffield, England, pp. 485–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Covey, J. N. (1980), An overview of ash utilization in United States, Proceedings of the Fly Ash Applications in 1980 Conference, Texas A & M University, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, M. J. and Irwin, L. H. (1979), Effects of compaction delays and multiple treatments on the strength of cement stabilized soil, Transportation Research Board No. 702, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 191–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, B. J. and Thompson, M. R. (1968), Durability properties of lime soil mixtures, Highway Research Record No. 235, HRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, D. A. (1952), Thermal conductivity of soil, Mededelingen van deLandbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 1–73 (translated by Building Research Station, Library Communication No. 759, England).

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, S. (1975), Methods of soil stabilization for erosion controlFinal Report, Joint Highway Research Project, Purdue University, Indiana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, S., White, J. L., and Dolch, W. L. (1964), Transformation of clay minerals by calcium hydroxide attack, Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 359–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eades, J. L. (1962), Reactions of Ca(OH)2 with Clay Minerals in Soil Stabilization, Ph.D. Thesis, Geology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eades, J. L. and Grim, R. E. (1966), A quick test to determine lime requirements for lime stabilization, Highway Research Record No. 139, HRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggestad, A. (1983), Improvement of cohesive soils, Proceedings of VIII ECSMFE, Helsinki, Finland, 3, pp. 991–1007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, J. J. (1980), Slag utilization in pavement construction, ASTM STP 774, pp. 95–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engineering News Record (1982), Shoehorning Pittsburg Subway, July 22, pp. 30–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esrig, M. I. (1968), Pore pressures, consolidation and elektrokinetics, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division,ASCE, 94, No. SM4, pp. 899–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esrig, M. I. and Henkel, D. J. (1998), The use of elektrokinetics in the raising of submerged partially buried metallic objects, Soil Engineering Series Research Report, No. 7, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. L. and Bell, D. H. (1981), Chemical stabilization of loess, New Zealand, Proceedings of the 10th ICSMFE, Stockholm, 3, pp. 649–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, H. Y. (ed.) (1986), Environmental geotechnology, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, Allentown, Pa., 1, Envo Publishing Co., Inc, Bethlehem, Pa., 685 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang H. Y. and Pamukcu, S. (eds.) (1989), Environmental geotechnology, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, Shanghai, China, 1, Envo Publishing Co., Inc., Bethlehem, Pa., 550 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farouki, O. T. (1986), Thermal Properties of Soils, Trans Tech Publications, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, J. F. and Nelson, P. (1986), Migration of inorganic contaminants in groundwater under the influence of an electric field, Position Paper presented at the USEPA-University of Washington Workshop on Elektrokinetic Treatment for Hazardous Waste Remediation, Seattle, Wash.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, C. M., Moore, R. K., and Hajek, B. F. (1982), Reaction products of lime treated southeastern soils, Transportation Research Record No. 839, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 38–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gemant, A. (1952), How to compute thermal soil conductivities, Heating, Piping and Air-Conditioning, 24, No. 1, pp. 122–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, K. P. (1969), Cracking in pavements influenced by viscoelastic properties of soil-cement, Highway Research Record No. 263, Washington, D.C., pp. 47–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, K. P. (1971), Soil-cement base craking: Theoretical and model studies, Highway Research Board, presented at 50th Annual Meeting.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghavami, K. and Fang, H. Y. (eds.) (1984), Low Cost and Energy Saving Construction Materials, 1, Envo Publishing Co., Inc., Bethlehem, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • GNK Hayward Baker (1988), Ground Modification, Seminar Notes, GNK Hayward Baker Inc., Odenton, Md.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, D. H. and Mitchell, J. K. (1967), Fundamental aspects of electroosmosis in soils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, 93, No. SM6, pp. 209–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, C. A., Saylak, D., and Ledbetter, W. B. (1984), The use of by-product phosphogypsum for road bases and subbases, Transportation Research Record No. 998, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutschick, K. A. (1978), Lime stabilization under hydraulic conditions, 4th International Lime Congress, Hershey, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, M. L. and Haliburton, T. A. (1976), Improvement of dispersive clay erosion resistance by chemical treatment, paper presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Head, W. J., McQuade, P. V., and Anderson, R. B. (1982), Coal refuse and fly ash compositions: Potential highway base course materials, Transportation Research Record No. 839, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, N. L. and Duvall, D. S. (1975), Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes: Vol 111-Utility Coal Ash, Report prepared for the National Environmental Research Center, U.S.E.P.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, A. and Mitchell, J. K. (1963), Reactions accompanying stabilization of clay with cement, Highway Research Record No. 36, Washington, D.C., pp. 146–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • HRB (1946), Soil bituminous roads, Current Road Problems Bulletin No. 12, Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, C. H. and Thomburn, T. H. (1972), Sodium silicate stabilization of soils: A review of the literature, Highway Research Record No. 381, Washington, D.C., pp. 46–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingles, O. G. and Metcalf, J. B. (1973), Soil Stabilization Principles and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingles, O. G. and Lim, N. (1980), Accelerated laterization. A new method for clay stabilization, Proceedings of the 7th Conference, Australian Clay Minerals Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISGF (1985), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ground Freezing, A. A. Balkema, Boston, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISGF (1988), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ground Freezing, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janin, J. and Le Sciellour, G. F. (1970), Chemical grouting for Paris rapid transit tunnels, Journal of the Construction Division, ASCE, No. COI, pp. 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessberger, H. L. (1982), State of the art report-Ground freezing: Mechanical properties, processes, and design, Ground Freezing 1980, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 28, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., pp. 5–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessberger, H. L. (1983), Soil Grouting General Report, Specialty Session No. 2, Proceedings of the 8th ECSMFE, Helsinki, pp. 1069–1088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, O. (1975), Thermal conductivity of soils, Ph.D. Thesis, Trondheim, Norway (CRREL Draft Translation, 637, 1977). ADA 044002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. C. (1976), Asphalt stabilization, Materials for Stabilization. Education and Information Guide HC-100A, American Road Builders Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. S. (1982), State of the art report: Engineering practice in artificial ground freezing Ground Freezing 1980, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 28, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., pp. 313–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. C. T. (1948), The microbial decomposition of resinous stabilizing agents in soil, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam, 4, pp. 280–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonker, C. (1982), Sub-grade improvement and soil cement, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Concrete Roads, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurdanov, A. (1978), Special function of deep thermal treatment of soils and its development, Osnov. Fund. Mech. Grunt., 6, No. 20, pp. 14–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpoff, K. P. (1976), Stabilization of fine-grained soils by electro-osmotic and electro-chemical methods, New Horizons in Construction Materials, ed. H. Y. Fang, Envo Publishing Co., Inc, Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 265–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W. P. (1948), Cation Exchange in Soils, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., 144 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemsten, M. S. (1949), The thermal properties of soils, Bulletin 28, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kezdi, A. (1979), Stabilized Earth Roads, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 19, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, L. I. and Pamukcu, S. (1989), Validity of electro-osmosis for groundwater decontamination, Environmental Engineering, Proceedings of the 1989 Specialty Conference, ASCE, Austin, Texas, pp. 563–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, L. I., Pamukcu, S., and Kugelman, I. J. (1989), Electro-osmosis in fine grained soil, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, Shanghai, China, 1, Envo Publishing Co., Inc., Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koerner, R. M., Sands, R. N., and Leaird, J. D. (1985), Acoustic emission monitoring of grout movement,Issues in Dam Grouting, ASCE, Denver, Colo., pp. 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kropatschek, H. and Rienossl, K. (1967), Travaux d’étanchement du sous sol du barrage de Durlassboden, Transactions 9th International Congress on Large Dams, Istanbul, 1, pp. 695–714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujala, K. (1983a), The use of gypsum in deep stabilization, Proceedings of the 8th ECSMFE, Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujala, K. (1983b), The use of x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope in stabilization research, Proceedings of the 8 th ECSMFE, Specialty Session 4, Helsinki, pp. 1145–1146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujala, K., Halkola, H., and Lahtinen, P. (1985), Design parameters for deep stabilized soil evaluated from in-situ and laboratory tests, Proceedings of the 11th ICSMFE, San Fransisco, California, 3, pp. 1717–1720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, J. H. (1985), Type C flyash and clay stabilization, Developments of New and Existing Materials, Proceedings of a Session sponsored by Materials Engineering Division of ASCE, ASCE Convention, Detroit, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonards, G. A. and Bailey, B. (1982), Pulverized coal ash as structural fill, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 108, No. GT4, pp. 517–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinov, I. M. (1960), Stabilization of settling and weak clayey soils by thermal treatment, Highway Research Board Special Report No. 60, Washington, D.C., pp. 94–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mateos, M. (1964), Heat curing of sand-lime-flyash mixtures, ASTM Materials Research and Standards, 4, No. 5, pp. 212–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melancon, J. L. and Shah, S. C. (1973), Soil-Cement Study, Final Report, No. 72, Project No. 68–9S, Louisiana Department of Highways, U.S. D.O.T. Federal Highway Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, J. F., Pichumani, R., and Kapples, B. S. (1976), Fly-ash as a construction material for highways: A manual, Report No. FHWA-IP-76–16, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. D.O.T., Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micheals, A. S. and Puzinauskas, V. (1956), Additives as aids to asphalt stabilization of fine grained soils, Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 129, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micheals, A. S. and Puzinauskas, V. (1958), Improvement of asphalt stabilized fine grained soils with chemical additives, Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 204, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickley, A. S. (1951), The thermal conductivity of moist soil, American Institute of Electrical Engineers Transactions, 70, pp. 1789–1797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miki, G. and Nakanishi, W. (1984), Technical progress of the jet grouting method and its newest type, Proceedings of the International Conference on In-situ Soil and Rock Reinforcement, Paris, pp. 195–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. (1970), In-place treatment of foundation soils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division,ASCE, 96, No. SM1, pp. 73–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. (1976), Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. (1981), Soil improvement-State of the art report, Proceedings of the 10th ICSMFE, Stockholm, 4, pp. 509–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. (1986a), Potential uses of electro-kinetics for hazardous waste site remediation, Position Paper presented at the USEPA University of Washington Workshop on Electrokinetic Treatment for Hazardous Waste Remediation,Seattle, Wash.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. (1986b), Practical problems from surprising soil behavior, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 112, No. 3, pp. 259–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. and Read, L. (1973), Control of volume changes in expansive earth materials, Proceedings of Workshop on Expansive Clays and Shales in Highway Design and Construction, Vol. 2, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moller, D. W., Minch, H. L., and Welsh, J. P. (1984), Ultrafine cement pressure grouting to control groundwater fractured granite block, Innovative Cement Grouting, SP-83, ACI, Detroit, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mongilardi, E. and Tornaghi, R. (1986), Construction of large underground openings and use of grouts, Proceedings of the International Conference on Deep Foundations, Beijing, China.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, G. (1957), Properties of Engineering Materials, Int. Text Book Co, Scranton, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natt, G. S. and Joshi, R. C. (1984), Properties of cement and lime-flyash stabilized aggregate, Transportation Research Record No. 998, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • NLA (1985), Lime Stabilization Construction Manual, Bulletin 326, National Lime Association, Arlington, Va.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, D. F. (1967), Reactions and strength development in portland cement-clay mixtures, Highway Research Record No. 198, Washington, D.C., pp. 39–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1984), Use as binder of by-products or natural materials with hydraulic and pozzolanic properties, Road Binders and Energy Savings, Road Transport Research, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, H. W. (1984), Osmosis and geomechanical processes, Program with Abstracts, Clay Minerals Society Annual Meeting, September 30-October 4, 1984, Baton Rouge, La., p. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormsby, W. C. and Bolz, L. H. (1966), Microtexture and composition of reaction products in the system kaolin-lime-water, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 49, No. 7, pp. 364–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pamukcu, S., Kavulich, M. A., and Fang, H. Y. (1987), A parametric sensitivity study on mechanical performance of fly-ash mixed soil, Proceedings of the 19th Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pa., pp. 589–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamukcu, S., Kugelman, I. J., and Lynn, J. D. (1989), Solidification and reuse of steel industry sludge waste, Proceedings of 21st Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, Pa., pp. 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parish, P. W. C., Baker, W. H., and Rubright, R. M. (1983), Underpinning with Chemical Grout, ASCE, Civil Engineering, August.

    Google Scholar 

  • PCA (1956), Soil-Cement Construction Handbook, Portland Cement Association, Stokie, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • PCA (1971), Soil-Cement Laboratory Handbook, Portland Cement Association, Stokie, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • PCA (1978), Soil-Cement Construction Handbook, Portland Cement Association, Stokie, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pojasek, R. B. (ed.) (1982), Toxic and Hazardous Waste Disposal, Vol. 1, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Probstein, R. F. and Renauld, P. C. (1986), Quantification of fluid and chemical flow in electrokinetics, Position. Paper presented at the USEPA-University of Washington Workshop on Electrokinetic Treatment for Hazardous Waste Remediation, Seattle, Wash.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, G. E. and Packard, R. G. (1979), Soil cement-A construction material, Transportation Research Record No. 702, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 173–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. D. (1986), Performance of cement-modified soils: A follow up report, Transportation Research Record No. 1089, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadovsky, A. V. and Dorman, Y. A. (1982), The artificial freezing and cooling of soil at construction sites, Ground Freezing 1980, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 28, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., pp. 327–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salley, R. J., Foreman, B., Baker, W. H., and Henry, J. F. (1987), Compaction grouting test program: Pinopolis West Dam, Proceedings of Soil Improvement-A 10 Year Update, Geotechnical Division, ASCE, Atlantic City Convention, pp. 245–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanger, F. J. and Sayles, F. H. (1979), Thermal and rheological computations for artificially frozen ground constructions, Engineering Geology, No. 13, pp. 311–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayles, F. H. (1966), Low Temperature Soil Mechanics, Technical Note, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segall, B. A., O’Bannon, C. E., and Matthias, J. A. (1980), Electro-osmosis chemistry and water quality, Technical Note, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 106, No. GT10, pp. 1148–1152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, J. A. (1972), Controlled freezing for temporary ground support, Proceedings of the 1st North American Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference, Chicago, 2, pp. 863–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skok, E. L., Jr., Mathur, T. S., Wenck, N. G., and Ramsey, N. (1983), Ten-year performance report on asphalt stabilized sand road with instrumentation, Transportation Research Record No. 898, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 232–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, L. D. (ed.) (1986), Soil Physical Chemistry, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, O. (1924), Zur Theorie der Elektrolytischen Doppelschriht, Z. Electrochem., 30, pp. 508–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, P. T. (1972), Diffusion and Diffuse Cementation in Lime and Cement Stabilized Clayey Soils, Special Report 8, Australian Road Research Board, Victoria, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Styron, R. (1980), Fly ash specifications and quality control, Proceedings of the Fly Ash Applications in 1980 Conference, Texas A&M University, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, J. R., Myers, D. A., and Jensen, W. IL (1985), Soil stabilization with cementitious fly ash, Materials and Engineering Testing Session, ASCE Spring Convention, Denver, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terzaghi, K. and Lacroix, Y. (1964), The Mission Dam, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tayabji, S. D., Nussbaum, P. J., and Ciolko, A. T. (1982), Evaluation of heavily loaded cement stabilized bases, Transportation Research Board No. 839, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. R. (1969), Engineering properties of lime-soil mixtures, Journal of Materials, ASTM, 4, No. 4, pp. 968–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. R. (1970), Suggested method of mixture design for lime treated soils, ASTM STP 479, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann, C. L. (1984), Stabilization of contaminated soils by in-situ vitrification, Proceedings,U.S. Department of Energy, Annual Environmental Systems Symposium, Bethesda, Maryland, DOE Report No. PNL-SA-11638; Conf-8403105–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tornaghi, R. (1983), Soil Grouting Co-Report, Specialty Session 2, Proceedings of the 8th ECSMFE, Helsinki, pp. 1089–1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tornaghi, R. and Cippo, A. P. (1985), Soil improvement by jet grouting for the solution of tunneling problems, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium Tunnelling ‘85, Brighton, England, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, British Tunnelling Society, and the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Dept. of Transport, pp. 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tornaghi, R., Bosco, B., and DePaoli, B. (1988), Application of recently developed grouting procedures for tunneling in Milan urban area, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium Tunnelling ‘88, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • TRB (1987), Lime Stabilization: Reactions, Properties, Design and Construction, State of Art Report 5, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usmen, M. A., Head, W. J., and Moulton, L. K. (1983), Use of coal associated wastes, in low volume roads, Transportation Research Record No. 898, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 268–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usmen, M. A. and Moulton, L. K. (1984), Construction and performance of experimental base course test sections built with waste calcium sulfate, lime and fly-ash, Transportation Research Record No. 998, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bpr (1962), Aggregate Gradation for Highways, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Naec (1969), Soil Stabilization-State of the Art Survey, Vol. II, NAEC, Eng-7469 Code Ident. No. 80020, U.S. Naval Air Engineering Center, Philadelphia, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Rooyen, M. and Winterkorn, H. F. (1959), Structural and textural influences on thermal conductivity of soils, Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 168, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 143–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitayasupakorn, V. (1986), Development of an electro-osmotic field test for evaluation of consolidation parameters of soils, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J. P. (1983), Chemical grouting utilized for underpinning and water control, Proceedings of the 8th ECSMFE, Helsinki, pp. 117–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J. P. (1986), Construction consideration for ground modification projects, Proceedings of the International Conference on Deep Foundations, Beijing, China.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J. P., Rubright, R. M., and Coomber, D. B. (1986), Jet grouting for support of structures, Grouting for Support of Structures, ASCE, Seattle, Wash.

    Google Scholar 

  • WES (1961), Electrical Stabilization of Fine-Grained Soils, Mis. Pap. No. 3–122, Report 7, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.

    Google Scholar 

  • WES (1965), Soil stabilization investigations of chemically modified quicklime as stabilizing material, Tech. Rep. 3–455 Report 6, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.

    Google Scholar 

  • WES (1977), Oldham, J.C., Eaves, R.C., and White, D. W., Materials Evaluated as Potential Soil Stabilizers, Misc. Pap. S-77–15, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.

    Google Scholar 

  • WES (1984), Foundation Grouting Practices at Corps of Engineers Dams, Tech. Rep. GL-84–13, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. N. and Zelazny, L. W. (1986), Charge properties of soil colloids, Soil Physical Chemistry, ed. D. L. Sparks, Chapter 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1934), Oiling earth roads. Application of surface chemistry, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 26, pp. 815–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1938), Affinity of hydrophilic aggregate for asphaltic bitumen. Use of furfural and its resinous derivatives for improving affinity, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 30, pp. 362–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1940), Physicochemical testing of soils and application of the results in practice, Proceedings of the Highway Research Board, 20, pp. 798–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. and Tschebotarioff, G. P. (1947a), Sensitivity of clay to remolding and its possible causes, Proceedings of the Highway Research Board, 27, pp. 435–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1947b), Fundamental similarities between electro-osmosis and thermoosmosis, Proceedings of the Highway Research Board, 27, pp. 443–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1949), Final Report on Beach Sand Stabilization Research, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of Navy No. 15087, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1955a), The science of soil stabilization, Highway Research Board Bulletin, 108, pp. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1955b), Potentials in moisture migration, Proceedings of Conference on Building Materials, Bulletin 1, Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, pp. 86–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1964), Critical consideration of the influence of chemical additives on the properties of soil cement (in German), Proceedings of the International Workshop on Soil Mechanics in Road Construction, Vienna, Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1967a), Application of granulometric principles for optimization of strength and permeability of granular drainage structures, Highway Research Record No. 203, Washington, D.C., PP- 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1967b), Soil bituminous stabilization-Discussion, Highway Research Record No. 198, Washington, D.C., pp. 68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. (1971), Analogies between macromeritic and molecular liquids and the mechanical resistance properties of sand and gravel assemblies, Chemical Dynamics, Henry Eyring Presentation Book, Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., pp. 504–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. and Eckert, G. W. (1940), Physicochemical factors of importance in bituminous soil stabilization, Proceedings of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 11, pp. 204–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. and Reich, T. H. (1962), Effectiveness of certain derivatives of furfural as admixtures to bituminous soil stabilization, Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 357, Washington, D.C., pp. 79–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterkorn, H. F. and Schmid, W. E. (1971), Soil Stabilization-Basic Parameters, AFWL-TR-70–3, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahiro, T., Yoshida, H., and Nishi, K. (1980), Soil Improvement Method Utilizing A High Speed Water and Air Jet, KICT Report No. 33, Kajima Institute of Construction Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Winterkorn, H.F., Pamukcu, S. (1991). Soil Stabilization and Grouting. In: Fang, HY. (eds) Foundation Engineering Handbook. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3928-5_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3928-5_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6752-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3928-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics