Abstract
A photochromic organic compound A is a compound that undergoes a major reversible color change on irradiation at an appropriate wavelength (λa) to form a more highly colored species B, which undergoes the reverse reaction either thermally or photochemically on irradiation at a second wavelength (λb):
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
E. ter Meer, Über Dinitroverbindungen der Fettreihe, Annalen 181, 1–22 (1876).
Y. Hirshberg, Reversible formation and eradication of colors by irradiation at low temperatures. A photochemical memory model, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 2304–2312 (1956).
G. H. Brown, Photochromism, Techniques of Chemistry, Vol. 3, Wiley Interscience, New York (1971).
Y. Hirshberg, Reversible formation and eradication of colors by irradiation at low temperatures. A photochemical memory model, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 2304–2312 (1956).
H. G. Heller, S. N. Oliver, I. Tomlinson, and J. Whittall, Patent 0246 114 (1987).
R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, Conservation of orbital symmetry. Ac. Chem. Res. 1, 17–22 (1968).
E. N. Marvell, G. Caple, and B. Schatz, Thermal valence isomerizations. Stereochemistry of the 2,4,6-octatriene to 5,6-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene ring closure, Tetrahedron Lett. 385–389 (1965).
H. Stobbe, Die Fulgide, Annalen 380, 1–129 (1911).
R. J. Hart and H. G. Heller, Overcrowded molecules—Part 7: Thermal and photochemical reactions of photochromic (E)- and (Z)-benzylidene(diphenylmethylene)succinic anhydrides and imides. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1487–1492 (1972).
H. G. Heller, P. J. Darcy, S. Patharakorn, R. D. Piggott, and J. Whittall, Photochromic systems-Part 1: Photochemical studies on (E)-2-isopropylidene-3-[l-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) ethylidene]succinic trihydride and related compounds, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 315–319 (1986).
H. G. Heller and R. M. Megit, Overcrowded molecules—Part 9: Fatigue-free photochromic systems involving (E)-2-isopropylidene-3-(mesitylmethylene)succinic anhydride and N-phenylimide, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 923–927 (1974). H. G. Heller and H. Gonzenbach, unpublished results.
H. G. Heller and J. R. Langan, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides- Part 3: The use of (E)-α-(2,5dimethyl-3-furylethylidene (isopropylidene) succinic anhydride as a simple convenient chemical actinometer, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, 341 (1981).
M. Irie and M. Mohri, Thermally irreversible photochromic systems. Reversible photocyclization of diarylethene derivatives. J. Org. Chem. 53, 803–808 (1988).
H. G. Heller, Organic fatigue-resistant photochromic imaging materials, TEE Proc. 150, 209–211 (1983).
H. G. Heller, S. A. Harris, W. Johncock, S. N. Oliver, P. J. Strydom, and J. Whittall, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 4. The thermal and photochemical reactions of (E)-isopropylidene-[α-2and 3-(3-thienyl)ethylidene]succinic anhydrides and related compounds, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 957–961 (1985).
Y. Kurita, Y. Yokoyama, T. Goto, T. Inoue, and M. Yokoyama, Fulgides as efficient photochromic compounds. Role of the substituent on furylalkylidene moiety of furyl fulgides in the photoreaction. Chem. Lett.1049–1052 (1988).
H. G. Heller, New fatigue-resistant organic photochromic materials, The Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication No. 60. Fine Chemicals for the Electronics Industry. pp. 120–135 (1986).
H. G. Heller, B. Helliwell, and D. Wood, unpublished results.
H. G. Heller, S. N. Oliver, J. Whittall, W. Johncock, P. J. Darcy, and C. Trundle, Photochromic compounds and their uses in photoreactive lenses, E.P.A. 0 140540 (1984).
T. Tanaka, S. Imura, and Y. Kida, Photochromic compounds, E.P.A. 0 316179 (1988).
R. S. Becker and J. Kolc, Proof of structure of the coloured photoproducts of chromenes and spiropyrans, J. Phys. Chem. 71, 4045–4047 (1967).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heller, H.G. (1991). Photochromics for the Future. In: Miller, L.S., Mullin, J.B. (eds) Electronic Materials. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3818-9_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3818-9_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6703-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3818-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive