Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry pp 265–415Cite as

Surface States on Semiconductors

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry ((MAOE,volume 22))

Abstract

The dominant interpretative framework within which semiconductor electrochemical studies have been carried out since the very earliest papers of Brattain and Garrett1 is that of the ideal metal/semiconductor interface. This framework has been tested most thoroughly for extrinsically doped semiconductors held at reverse bias, for which the majority carriers are attracted away from the interface toward the bulk of the semiconductor. The result is a layer, usually many hundreds of angstroms thick, which possesses an electrostatic charge owing to the uncompensated ionized extrinsic dopant sites and in which the potential distribution is described in terms of a classical Schottky barrier. Any change in applied potential is then postulated to be accommodated almost entirely within this space-charge layer, provided the semiconductor remains in reverse bias and the electrolyte has a concentration exceeding approximately 0.01 M. The central difference between this situation and that found in the more familiar electrochemistry of the metal/electrolyte interface is that the very high charge carrier density in the metal allows the buildup of a high uncompensated charge at the surface, ensuring that the change in applied potential is accommodated not within the metal, but in the electrolyte itself.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. W. H. Brattain and C. G. B. Garrett, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 34 (1955) 129.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Bardeen,Phys. Rev. 71 (1947) 717.

    Google Scholar 

  3. H. O. Finklea, Ed., Semiconductor Electrodes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  4. V. A. Myamlin and Yu. V. Pleskov, Semiconductor Electrochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. Hamnett,in Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 27, Ed. by R. G. Compton and A. Hamnett, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  6. I. E. Tamm, Z. Phys. 76 (1932) 849; Phys. Z Sowjetunion 1 (1932) 733.

    Google Scholar 

  7. W. Shockley, Phys. Rev. 56 (1939) 317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Many, Y. Goldstein, and N. B. Grover, Semiconductor Surfaces, North-Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. G. Davison and J. D. Levine, Solid State Phys. 25 (1970) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Bardeen, Phys. Rev. 71 (1947) 717.

    Google Scholar 

  11. I. Lindau and T. Kendelwicz, CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 13 (1986) 27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Zur, T. C. McGill, and D. L. Smith, Phys. Rev. B 28 (1983) 2060.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. M. Palau, A. Ismail, and L. Lassabatere, Solid-State Electron. 28 (1985) 499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. L. J. Brillson, Surf. Sci. Rep. 2 (1982) 127.

    Google Scholar 

  15. C. B. Duke and A. Paton, Surf. Sci. 164 (1985) L797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. C. B. Duke, Appl Surf. Sci. 11/12 (1982) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Z. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B 24 (1981) 4372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. D. J. Chadi, Phys. Rev. B 18 (1978) 1800.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. W. Witch, Surf. Sci. 132 (1983) 92.

    Google Scholar 

  20. K. Stiles, D. Mao, and A. Kahn, J. Vac. Sci. Technol.,B 64 (1988) 1170.

    Google Scholar 

  21. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  22. V. Heine, Phys. Rev. 138 (1965) A1689.

    Google Scholar 

  23. J. Tersoff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 (1984) 465.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Ludeke, Phys. Rev. B 40 (1989) 1947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. W. Miinch, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 6 (1988) 1270.

    Google Scholar 

  26. W. E. Spicer, P. W. Chye, P. R. Skeath, C. Y. Su, and I. Landau, J. Vac. Sci. Technol 16 (1979) 1422.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. E. R. Weber, H. Ennen, V. Kaufmann, J. Windscheiff, J. Schneider, and T. Wosinski, J. Appl Phys. 53 (1982) 6140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. W. E. Spicer, Z. Liliental-Weber, E. Weber, N. Newman, T. Kendelwicz, R. Cao, C. McCants, P. Mahowald, K. Miyano, and I. Lindau, J. Vac. Sci. Technol, B 6 (1988) 1245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. M. Woodall and J. L. Freeouf, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19 (1981) 794.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J. M. Woodall and J. L. Freeouf, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2 (1984) 510.

    Google Scholar 

  31. H. Hasegawa and H. Ohno, J. Vac. Sci. Techol, B 4 (1986) 1130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Hasegawa, L. He, H. Ohno, T. Sawada, T. Hada, Y. Abe, and H. Takahasi, J. Vac. Sci. Technol B 5 (1987) 1097.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. L. J. Brillson, R. E. Viturro, C. Mailhiot, J. L. Shaw, N. Tache, J. McKinley, G. Margaritondo, J. M. Woodall, P. D. Kirchner, G. D. Petit, and S. L. Wright, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 6 (1988) 1263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. E. Viturro, S. Chang, J. L. Shaw, C. Mailhiot, L. J. Brillson, A. Terrassi, Y. Hwu, G. Margaritondo, P. D. Kirchner, and J. M. Woodall, J. Vac. Sci. Technol, B 7 (1989) 1007.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. C. J. Sandroff, R. N. Nottenburg, J. C. Bischoff, and R. Bhat, Appl Phys. Lett. 51 (1987) 33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. C. J. Sandroff, M. S. Hegde, L. A. Farrow, C. C. Chang, and J. P. Harbison, Appl Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. C. J. Sandroff, M. S. Hegde, and C. C. Chang, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 7 (1989) 841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. T. Tiedje, P. C. Wong, K. A. R. Mitchell, W. Eberhardt, Z. Fu, and D. Sondericker, Solid State Commun. 70 (1989) 355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. C. J. Spindt, R. S. Besser, R. Cao, K. Miyano, C. R. Helms, and W. E. Spicer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. R. S. Besser and C. R. Helms, Appl Phys. Lett. 52 (1988) 20.

    Google Scholar 

  41. H. Hasegawa, H. Ishii, T. Sawada, T. Saitoh, S. Konishi, Y. Liu, and H. Ohno, J. Vac. Sci. Technol, B 6 (1988) 1184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. O. K. Gaskill, N. Bottka, and R. S. Sillman, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 6 (1988) 1497.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. F. DeWald,in Semiconductors, Ed. by N. B. Hannay, ACS Monograph 140, Reinhold, New York, 1959, p. 727.

    Google Scholar 

  44. M. Green,in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, No. 2, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris, Butterworths, London, 1959, p. 343.

    Google Scholar 

  45. P. J. Holmes, The Electrochemistry of Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  46. V. A. Myamlin and Yu. V. Pleskov, Electrochemistry of Semiconductors, Plenum Press, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  47. H. Gerischer,in Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IXA, Ed. by H. Eyring, Academic Press, New York, 1970, p. 463.

    Google Scholar 

  48. S. R. Morrison, Prog. Surf. Sci. 1 (1971) 105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. S. R. Morrison, Electrochemistry at Semiconductor and Oxidized Metal Electrodes,Plenum Press, New York, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  50. R. Memming, in Electro Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 11, Ed. by A. J. Bard, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  51. R. Memming,in Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, Vol. 7, Ed. by B. E. Conway, J. O’M. Bockris, E. Yeager, S. U. M. Khan, and R. E. White, Plenum Press, New York, 1983, p. 529.

    Google Scholar 

  52. R. H. Wilson, CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 10 (1980) 2.

    Google Scholar 

  53. W. P. Gomes and F. Cardon, Prog. Surf. Sci. 12 (1982) 155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. L. M. Peter,in RSC Specialist Periodical Reports: Electrochemistry, Vol. 9, Ed. by D. Pletcher, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1984, p. 66.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Yu. V. Pleskov and Yu. Ya. Gurevich,in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 16, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris, Plenum Press, New York, 1986, p. 189.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Yu. V. Pleskov and Yu. Ya. Gurevich, Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  57. R. Memming, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 353.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 43 (1965) 679.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. H. Gerischer, Surf Sci. 18 (1969) 97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. S. Trassatti,in Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, Vol. 1, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris, B. E. Conway, and E. Yeager, Plenum Press, New York, 1980, p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  61. R. Memming and G. Schwandt, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. V. A. Tyagai and G. Ya. Kolbasov, Surf. Sci. 28 (1971) 423.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. R. Memming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1978) 117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. D. Meissner, I. Lauermann, R. Memming, and B. Kastening, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 3484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. D. Meissner, C. Sinn, R. Memming, P. H. L. Notten, and J. J. Kelly,in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C, Vol. 174, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986, p. 317.

    Google Scholar 

  66. K. Tubbesing, D. Meissner, R. Memming, and B. Kastening, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 214 (1986) 685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. J. W. Conely, C. B. Duke, G. D. Mahan, and J. J. Tiemann, Phys. Rev. 150 (1966) 466.

    Google Scholar 

  68. L. B. Freeman and W. B. Dahlke, Solid-State Electron. 13 (1970) 1483.

    Google Scholar 

  69. B. Pettinger, H. Schoppel, and H. Gerischer, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 77 (1973) 960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. J. UlstrupJ. Chem. Phys. 63 (1975) 4358.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. W. Schmickler, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 82 (1978) 477.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. K. Kobayashi, X. Aikawa, and M. Sukigara, J. Electro Anal Chem. 134 (1982) 11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J. C. Tranchart, L. Hollan, and R. Memming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1978) 1185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. H. Gerischer, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 69 (1965) 578.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. H. Gerischer and W. Mindt, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. H. GerischerJ. Vac. Sci. Technol 15 (1978) 1422.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. J. J. Kelly, J. E. A. M. van den Meerakker, P. H. L. Notten, and R. P. Tijburg, Philips Tech. Rev. 44 (1988) 61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. P. H. L. Notten, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 224 (1987) 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. L. Hollan, J. C. Tranchant, and R. Memming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 855.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. W. J. Albery and M. L. Hitchman, Ring-Disc Electrodes, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. J. Kelly and P. H. L. Notten, Electrochim. Acta 29 (1984) 589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. F. Decker, B. Pettinger, and H. Gerischer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 (1983) 1335.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. H. Gerischer and I. Wallem-Mattes, Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge 64 (1969) 187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. D. Vanmaekelbergh, J. J. Kelly, S. Lingier, and W. P. Gomes, Ber Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 1068.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. D. Vanmaekelbergh, W. P. Gomes, and F. Cardon, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) 987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. A Heller,in Photoeffects at Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interfaces, Ed. by A. J. Nozik, ACS Symposium Series, 146, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1981, p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  87. T. Solomun, W. Richtering, and H. Gerischer, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. D. Vanmaekelbergh and J. J. Kelly, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. K. H. Beckmann and R. Memming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 368.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Y. Nakato, A. Tsumura, and H. Tsubomura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 55 (1982) 3390.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Y. Nakato, K. Morita, and H. Tsubomura, J. Phys. Chem. 90 (1986) 2718.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. W. W. Gartner, Phys. Rev. 116 (1959) 84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. P. Lemasson, A. Etchebery, and J. Gautron, Electrochim. Acta 27 (1982) 607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. A. Etchebery, M. Etman, B. Fotouhi, J. Gautron, S. Sculfort, and P. Lemasson, J. Appl. Phys. 53 (1982) 8867.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. V. A. Tyagai, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 38 (1965) 1335.

    Google Scholar 

  96. R. H. Wilson, J. Appl Phys. 48 (1977) 4292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. M. P. Dare-Edwards and A. Hamnett, J. Electro Anal Chem. 105 (1979) 283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. J. J. Kelly and R. Memming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 730.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. K. Schroder and R. Memming, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) 385.

    Google Scholar 

  100. M. A. Butler and D. S. Ginley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 1273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. R. L. Wheeler and N. Hackerman, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 1601.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. W. Shockley and W. T. Read, Phys. Rev. 87 (1952) 835.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. C. Sah, R. Noyce, and W. Shockley, Proc. IRE 45 (1957) 1228.

    Google Scholar 

  104. J. Reichman, Appl Phys. Lett. 36 (1980) 574.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. J. Reichman and M. A. Russak, in Photoeffects at Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interfaces, Ed. by A. J. Nozik, ACS Symposium Series 146, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1981, p. 359.

    Google Scholar 

  106. H. Gerischer and J. Gobrecht, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 82 (1978) 520.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. D. Cahen, B. Vainas, and J. M. Vandenberg, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 1484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. R. D. Rauh, in Semiconductor Electrodes, Ed. by H. O. Finklea, Elsevier, Amster-dam, p. 277.

    Google Scholar 

  109. G. Horowitz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 40 (1982) 409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. F. El Guibaly, K. Kolbow, and B. L. Funt, J. Appl Phys. 52 (1981) 3480.

    Google Scholar 

  111. P. Panayotatos and H. C. Card, Solid-State Electron. 23 (1980) 41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. D. Haneman and J. F. McCann, Phys. Rev. B 25 (1982) 1241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. W. J. Albery, P. N. Bartlett, M. P. Dare-Edwards, and A. Hamnett, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 1492.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. W. J. Albery and P. N. Bartlett, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 (1983) 1699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. R. L. Van Meirhaeghe, F. Cardon, and W. P. Gomes, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 83 (1979) 236.

    Google Scholar 

  116. A. Heller, K. C. Chang, and B. Miller, J. Electrochem. Soc. 124 (1977) 697.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. H. Gerischer, J. Electro Anal Chem. 150 (1983) 553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. R. H. Wilson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. L. M. Peter, J. Li, and R. Peat, J. Electro Anal Chem. 165 (1984) 29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. H. Gobrecht and R. Blasser, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. K. Rajeshwar, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 1003.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Y. Nakato, S. Tonomura, and H. Tsubomura, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 1289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. M. A. Butler and D. S. Ginley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 1273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. K. Uosaki and H. Kita, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 2153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. M. P. Dare-Edwards, A. Hamnett, and J. B. Goodenough, J. Electro Anal Chem. 118 (1981) 109.

    Google Scholar 

  126. W. J. Albery and P. N. Bartlett, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 2254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. J. Li, R. Peat, and L. M. Peter, J. Electro Anal Chem. 165 (1984) 41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. M. A. Butler and D. S. Ginley, Appl Phys. Lett. 36 (1980) 845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. F. Cardon, W. P. Gomes, F. Van den Kerchove, D. Vanmaekelbergh, and F. Van Overmeire, Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 70 (1980) 153.

    Google Scholar 

  130. W. P. Gomes, F. Van Overmeire, D. Vanmaekelbergh, F. Van den Kerchove, and F. Cardon,in Photoeffects at Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interfaces, Ed. by A. J. Nozik, ACS Symposium Series 146, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1981, p. 119.

    Google Scholar 

  131. D. Vanmaekelbergh, W. P. Gomes, and F. Cardon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 546.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. D. Vanmaekelbergh, W. P. Gomes, and F. Cardon, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 79 (1983) 1391.

    Google Scholar 

  133. D. Vanmaekelbergh, W. Rigole, and W. P. Gomes, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 79 (1983) 2820.

    Google Scholar 

  134. S. Lingier, D. Vanmaekelbergh, and W. P. Gomes, J. Electro Anal Chem. 228 (1987) 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. H. Gerischer and H. Liibke, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. K. W. Frese, M. J. Madou, and S. R. Morrison, J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 3172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. K. W. Frese, M. J. Madou, and S. R. Morrison, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 1527.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. M. GreenJ. Chem. Phys. 31 (1959) 200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. A. J. Bard, A. B. Bocarsley, F.-R. F. Fan, E. G. Walton, and M. S. Wrighton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 3671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. F.-R. Fan and A. J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 3677.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. F. Di Quarto and A. J. Bard, J. Electro Anal Chem. 127 (1981) 43.

    Google Scholar 

  142. G. Nagasubramanian, B. L. Wheeler, and A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 (1983) 1680.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. M. A. Butler and D. S. Ginley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1978) 228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. M. L. Rosenbluth and N. S. Lewis, J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 3735.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. G. Horowitz, P. Allongue, and H. Cachet, J Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 2563.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. C. D. Jaeger, H. Gerischer, and W. Kautek, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 86 (1982) 20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. P. Allongue and H. Cachet, Solid State Commun. 55 (1985) 49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. A. C. Brown, Thesis, Oxford, 1988, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  149. S. J. Higgins, R. Revill, and A. Hamnett, unpublished work.

    Google Scholar 

  150. P. H. L. Notten, J. Electro Anal Chem. 224 (1987) 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. P. Allongue, H. Cachet, and G. Horowitz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 (1983) 2352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. K. Tubesing, D. Meissner, R. Memming, and B. Kastening, J. Electro Anal Chem. 214 (1986) 685.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Y. Nakato, A. Tsumaro, and H. Tsubomura, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 1502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. D. Meissner, R. Memming, and B. Kastening, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 3476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. D. Meissner, I. Lauermann, R. Memming, and B. Kastening, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 3484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. M. P. Dare-Edwards, A. Hamnett, and P. R. Trevellick, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 79 (1983) 2111.

    Google Scholar 

  157. M. P. Dare-Edwards and A. Hamnett, J. Electro Anal Chem. 105 (1979) 283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. H. O. Finklea, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 2003.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. G. Cooper, J. A. Turner, and A. J. Nozik, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. J. Schoonman, K. Vos, and G. Blasse, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 1154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. G. Nogami, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 2219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. H. Morisaki, T. Baba, and K. Yazawi, Phys. Rev. B 21 (1980) 837.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. G. Nogami, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. G. Nogami, R. Shiratsuchi, H. Nakamura, and H. Taniguchi, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 1663.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. G. Nogami, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 525.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. M. Tomkiewicz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 1505.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. M. Tomkiewicz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 2220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. W. Siripala and M. Tomkiewicz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 2491.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. K. Kobayashi, Y. Aikawa, and M. Sukigara, J. Appl Phys. 54 (1983) 2526.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. P. Zoltowski, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 178 (1984) 11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. R. Memming and G. Schwandt, Surf. Sci. 5 (1966) 97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. M. Wolovelsky, J. Levy, Y. Goldstein, A. Many, S. Z. Weisz, and O. Resto, Surf Sci. 171 (1986) 442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. D. R. TurnerJ. Electrochem. Soc. 105 (1958) 402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. D. R. Turner,in The Electrochemistry of Semiconductors, Ed. by P. J. Holmes, Academic Press, London, 1962, p. 155.

    Google Scholar 

  175. R. Memming and G. Schwandt, Surf. Sci. 4 (1966) 109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. M. I. J. Beale, N. G. Chew, M. J. Uren, A. G. Cullis, and J. D. Benjamin, Appl Phys. Lett. 46 (1985) 86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. M. I. J. Beale, J. D. Benjamin, M. J. Uren, N. G. Chew, and A. G. Collis, J. Cryst. Growth 73 (1985) 622.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. R. Herino, G. Bomchil, K. Barla, G. Bertrand, and J. L. Ginoux, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. J. D. Lecuyer, Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, U.K., 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  180. K. Barla, G. Bomchil, R. Herino, J. G. Pfister, and J. Baruchal, J. Cryst. Growth 68 (1984) 721.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. M. Matsumura and S. R. Morrison, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 147 (1983) 157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. J. P. G. Farr and I. Sturland, unpublished work.

    Google Scholar 

  183. K. H. Beckmann, Surf. Sci. 3 (1965) 314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. L. G. Earwaker, J. P. G. Farr, P. E. Grzeszczyk, I. M. Sturland, J. M. Keen, NucL Instrum. Methods B 9 (1985) 317.

    Google Scholar 

  185. C. M. Braun, A. Fujishima, and K. Honda, Chem. Lett. 1985 1763.

    Google Scholar 

  186. C. M. Braun, A. Fujishima, and K. Honda, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 205 (1986) 291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. J. F. McCann and S. P. S. Badwal, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 551.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. B. Wolf and W. Lorenz, Electrochim. Acta 28 (1983) 699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. K. Kobayashi, M. Takata, S. Okamoto, Y. Aikawa, and M. Sukigara, Chem. Phys. Lett. 96 (1983) 366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. P. Allongue and H. Cachet, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 119 (1981) 371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. P. Allongue and H. Cachet, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. D. Vanmaekelbergh, W. P. Gomes, and F. Cardon, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) 994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. K. Chandrasekaran, M. Weichold, F. Gutmann, and J. O’M. Bockris, Electrochim. Acta 30 (1985) 961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. R. F. Pierret and C. T. Sah, Solid-State Electron. 13 (1970) 269.

    Google Scholar 

  195. R. F. Pierret and C. T. Sah, Solid-State Electron. 13 (1970) 289.

    Google Scholar 

  196. J. J. Kelly and P. H. L. Notten, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 (1983) 2452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. J. E. A. M. van den Meerakker, J. J. Kelly, and P. H. L. Notten, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 638.

    Google Scholar 

  198. D. Vanmaekelbergh and F. Cardon, J. Phys. D 19 (1986) 643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. D. Vanmaekelbergh, W. P. Gomes, and F. Cardon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. D. Vanmaekelbergh, W. P. Gomes, and F. Cardon, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 90 (1986) 431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. W. Lorenz, H. Handschuh, C. Aegerter, and H. Herrnberger, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 184 (1985) 61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. R. Sourisseau and W. Lorenz, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 274 (1989) 123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. W. Lorenz and M. Handschuh, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 178 (1984) 197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. M. Handschuh, J. Electro Anal Chem. 221 (1987) 23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. P. R. Trevellick, M. P. Dare-Edwards, and A. Hamnett, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 79 (1983) 2027.

    Google Scholar 

  206. J. Li and L. M. Peter, J. Electro Anal Chem. 193 (1985) 27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. J. Li and L. M. Peter, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 199 (1986) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. R. Peat, L. M. Peter, and L. M. Abrantes, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 381.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. R. Peat and L. M. Peter, J. Electro Anal Chem. 209 (1986) 307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. D. Meissner and R. Memming,Photocatalytic Production of Energy-Rich Compounds, Ed. by G. Grassi and D. O. Hall, CEC Report: EUR 11371, 1988, p. 138.

    Google Scholar 

  211. H. J. Lewerenz, J. Stumper, and L. M. Peter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. R. Peat, A. Riley, D. E. Williams, and L. M. Peter, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 3352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. E. Kamieniecki, J. Vac. Sci. Technol 20 (1982) 811.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. E. Kamieniecki, J. Appl Phys. 54 (1983) 6481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. M. A. Butler and D. S. Ginley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 712.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. M. A. Butler, G. W. Arnold, and D. K. Brice, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 2735.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. M. A. Butler and D. S. Ginley, Appl Phys. Lett. 42 (1983) 582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. W. Siripala and M. Tomkiewicz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 1240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. H. Morisaki, M. Hariya, and K. Yazawa, Appl Phys. Lett. 30 (1977) 7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. A. Hamnett, M. P. Dare-Edwards, R. D. Wright, K. R. Seddon, and J. B. Goodenough, J. Phys. Chem. 83 (1979) 3280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. B. Parkinson, F. Decker, J. F. Julian, M. Abramovitch, and H. C. Chagas, Electrochim. Acta 25 (1980) 521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. P. Salvador and C. Gutierrez, Chem. Phys. Lett. 86 (1982) 131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. C. Gutierrez and P. Salvador, J. Electro Anal Chem. 138 (1982) 457.

    Google Scholar 

  224. D. Talfalla and P. Salvador, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 479.

    Google Scholar 

  225. D. Talfalla and P. Salvador, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 237 (1987) 225.

    Google Scholar 

  226. P. Salvador and C. Gutierrez, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. G. Nogami, K. Ohno, and R. Shiratsuchi, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 3724.

    Google Scholar 

  228. D. Laser and S. Gottesfeld, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 475.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. M. A. Butler, M. Abramovich, F. Decker, and J. F. Julian, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 200.

    Google Scholar 

  230. C. Liu, Y. Chen, and W. Li, Surf. Sci. 163 (1985) 383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. P. Salvador, Surf. Sci. 192 (1987) 36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. F. D. Hughes, Acta Electronica 15 (1972) 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. K. Sakai and T. Ikoma, Appl Phys. Lett. 5 (1974) 165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. D. Bois, J. Phys. 35 (C-3) (1974) 241.

    Google Scholar 

  235. D. M. Tench and H. Gerischer, J Electrochem. Soc. 124 (1977) 1612.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. R. Haak, C. Ogden, and D. Tench, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. R. Haak and D. M. Tench, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. S. Nakabayashi, A. Kira, and M. Ipponmatsu, J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 5543.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. C. E. Goodman, B. W. Wessels, and P. G. P. Ang, Appl Phys. Lett. 45 (1986) 442.

    Google Scholar 

  240. R. Haak and D. Tench, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 1442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. R. Haak, D. Tench, and M. Russak, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 2709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. M. Cocivera, W. M. Sears, and S. R. Morrison, J. Electro Anal. Chem. 216 (1987) 41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. P. Allongue and H. Cachet, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. P. Allongue and H. Cachet, Ber Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. P. Allongue, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 895.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. P. Allongue and H. Cachet, Electrochim. Acta 33 (1988) 79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. P. Allongue, E. Souteyrand, and L. Allemand, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 1027.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. H. B. Bebb and E. W. Williams,in Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 8, Ed. by R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Academic Press, New York, 1972, p. 181.

    Google Scholar 

  249. E. W. Williams and H. B. Bebb,in Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 8, Ed. by R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Academic Press, New York, 1972, p. 321.

    Google Scholar 

  250. K. H. Beckmann and R. Memming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 368.

    Google Scholar 

  251. R. Pettinger, H. R. Schoppel, and H. Gerischer, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. H. H. Streckert, J. Tong, and A. B. Ellis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (1982) 581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. H. H. Streckert, J. Tong, M. K. Carpenter, and A. B. Ellis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 772.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. A. Etcheberry, J. Gautron, and J. L. Sculfort, Appl. Phys. Lett. 46 (1985) 744.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. I. J. Ferrer and P. Salvador, J. Appl. Phys. 66 (1989) 2568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. R. N. Noufi, P. A. Kohl, S. N. Frank, and A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1977) 246.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Y. Nakato, A. Tamura, and H. Tsubomura, Chem. Phys. Lett. 85 (1982) 387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Y. Nakato, A. Tamura, and H. Tsubomura, J. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 2402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. F. Decker, M. Abramovitch, and P. Motisuke, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 1173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. R. N. Noufi, P. A. Kohl, S. N. Frank, and A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1977) 246.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Y. Nakato, A. Tamura, and H. Tsubomura, J. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 2402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. P. Salvador and C. Gutierrez, J. Phys. Chem. 88 (1984) 3696.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. W. S. Hobson and A. B. Ellis, J. Appl. Phys. 54 (1983) 5956.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. A. A. Burk, P. B. Johnson, W. B. Hobson, and A. B. Ellis, J. Appl. Phys. 59 (1986) 1621.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. P. B. Johnson, C. S. McMillan, A. B. Ellis, and W. S. Hobson, J. Appl. Phys. 62 (1987) 4903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. S. Kaneko, K. Uosaki, and H. Kita, Chem. Lett. 1986 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  267. S. Kaneko, K. Uosaki, and H. Kita, J. Phys. Chem. 90 (1986) 6654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. K. Uosaki and H. Kita, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. K. Uosaki, Y. Shigematsu, and H. Kita, Chem. Lett. 1988 1815.

    Google Scholar 

  270. K. Uosaki, Y. Shigematsu, S. Kaneko, and H. Kita, J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 6521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. D. B. Wittry and D. F. Kyser, J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. R. E. Hollingworth and R. J. Sites, J. Appl. Phys. 57 (1982) 5357.

    Google Scholar 

  273. K. MettlerAppl. Phys. 12 (1977) 75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. A. Hamnett, R. L. Lane, S. Denison, and P. R. Trevellick,in Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 29, Ed. by R. G. Compton and A. Hamnett, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, p. 385.

    Google Scholar 

  275. R. A. Batchelor, A. C. Brown, and A. Hamnett, Phys. Rev. B 41 (1990) 1401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. R. A. Batchelor and A. Hamnett,in Int. Conf. Modulation Spectr., F. H. Pollak, M. Cardona, and D. E. Aspnes, Eds., Bellingham, Washington, Proc. SPIE 1286, p. 175 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  277. K. L. Shaklee, F.H Pollak, and M. Cardona, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15 (1965) 883.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. N. Bottka, D. K. Gaskill, R. S. Sillmon, R. Henry, and R. Glosser, J. Electron. Mater. 17 (1988) 161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. D. E. Aspnes, Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. D. E. Aspnes, Phys. Rev. 153 (1966) 972.

    Google Scholar 

  281. M. Abramovitch and I. A. Stegun, Eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions,Dover Publications, New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  282. D. E. Aspnes, Surf. Sci. 37 (1973) 418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. N. Neff, P. Lange, M. L. Fearheiley, and K. J. Bachmann, Appl. Phys. Lett. 47 (1985) 1069.

    Google Scholar 

  284. D. Huang, G. Ji, U. K. Reddy, H. Morkoc, F. Xiong, and T. A. Tombrello, J. Appl. Phys. 63 (1988) 5447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. J. M. Rodriguez, G. Armelles, and P. Salvador, J. Appl. Phys. 66 (1989) 3929.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. J. M. Wrobel, L. C. Bassett, J. L. Aubel, S. Sundaram, J. L. Davis, and J. Comas, J. Vac. Sci. Technol, A 5 (1987) 1464.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. R. P. Silberstein, F. H. Pollak, J. K. Lyden, and M. Tomkiewicz, Phys. Rev. B 24 (1981) 7397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. M. Tomkiewicz, W. Siripala, and R. Tenne, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 736.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. I. J. Ferrer and P. Salvador, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. P. Lemasson and C. N. Van Huong, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135 (1988) 2080.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. I. J. Ferrer, H. Muraki, and P. Salvador, J. Phys. Chem. 90 (1986) 2805.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. M. C. A. Fantini, W. M. Shew, M. Tomkiewicz, and J. P. Gambino, J. Appl Phys. 65 (1989) 4884.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. R. P. Silberstein, J. K. Lyden, M. Tomkiewicz, and F. H. Pollak, J. Vac. Sci. Technol 19 (1981) 406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. P. M. Raccah, J. W. Garland, Z. Zhang, U. Lee, D. Z. Xue, L. L. Abets, S. Ugar, and W. Wilinsky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 (1984) 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  295. P. M. Raccah, J. W. Garland, Z. Zhang, L. L. Abels, S. Ugar, S. Mioc, and M. Brown, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. C. B. Duke and M. E. Alferieff, Phys. Rev. 145 (1966) 583.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. H. I. Ralph, J. Phys. C. 1 (1968) 378.

    Google Scholar 

  298. J. D. Dow and D. Redfield, Phys. Rev. B 1 (1970) 3358.

    Google Scholar 

  299. D. F. Blossey, Phys. Rev. B 2 (1970) 3976.

    Google Scholar 

  300. D. F. Blossey, Phys. Rev. B 3 (1971) 1382.

    Google Scholar 

  301. G. M. Wysin, D. L. Smith, and A. Redondo, Phys. Rev. B 38 (1988) 12514.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. D. E. Aspnes and A. Frova, Solid State Commun. 7 (1969) 155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. W. K. Paik,in MTP Review of Science, Series One, Vol. 6, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris, Butterworths, London, 1973, p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  304. R. A. Batchelor, A. Hamnett, R. Peat, and L. M. Peter, J. Appl. Phys. 70 (1991) 266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. L. M. Abrantes, R. Peat, L. M. Peter, and A. Hamnett, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 369.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. S. S. M. Lu, F. H. Pollak, and P. M. Raccah,Electrocatalysis on Non-metallic Surfaces, NBS Spec. Publ. 455, Ed. by A. D. Franklin, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  307. W. Siripala and M. Tomkiewicz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 (1983) 443.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. E. W. Williams and V. Rehn, Phys. Rev. 172 (1968) 798.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. E. W. Williams, Solid State Commun. 7 (1969) 511.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. R. A. Batchelor

    Present address: Pilkington Technology Centre, Lathom, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L40 5UF, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, The University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK

    R. A. Batchelor & A. Hamnett

Authors
  1. R. A. Batchelor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Hamnett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    J. O’M. Bockris

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    B. E. Conway

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    Ralph E. White

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Batchelor, R.A., Hamnett, A. (1992). Surface States on Semiconductors. In: Bockris, J.O., Conway, B.E., White, R.E. (eds) Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol 22. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3376-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3376-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6490-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3376-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation