Abstract
Cerebral ischemia—the most prevalent form of clinical stroke—is a medical problem of the first magnitude. Despite rather convincing evidence of declining incidence of and mortality from stroke over the past decades (Scheinberg, 1988), it remains the third leading cause of death in the United States, as well as the major source of chronic disability, whose cost is reckoned in billions of dollars per annum and whose emotional impact is devastating (Hachinski and Norris, 1985). Traditional therapeutic approaches, largely supportive and directed at systemic factors, have tended to create a nihilistic attitude toward the potential for effective therapy of this disorder. This attitude is now changing as a result of impressive scientific advances, often carried out at a very basic level, that are shedding light on basic stroke pathomechanisms and are suggesting promising therapeutic approaches, some of which are now beginning to enter the clinical arena.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Astrup, J., Symon, L., Branston N. M., and Lassen, N. A., 1977, Cortical evoked potential and extracellular K+ and H+ at critical levels of brain ischemia, Stroke 8:51–57.
Baron, J. C., 1985, Positron tomography in cerebral ischemia. A review, Neuroradiology 27:509–516.
Busto, R., Dietrich W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., Valdes, I., Scheinberg, P., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1987, Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7:729–738.
Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1989a, Postishemic moderate hypothermia inhibits CA1 hippocampal ischemic neuronal injury, Neurosci. Lett. 101:299–304.
Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1989b, The importance of brain temperature in cerebral ischemic injury, Stroke 20:1113–1114.
Busto, R., Globus, M. Y.-T., Dietrich W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1989c, Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain, Stroke 20:904–910.
Carafoli, E., 1987, Intracellular calcium homeostasis, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:395–433.
Cheung J. Y., Bonventre, J. V., Malis C. D., and Leaf, A., 1986, Calcium and ischemic injury, N. Engl. J. Med. 314:1670–1676.
Feeney D. M., and Sutton, R. L., 1987, Pharmacotherapy for recovery of function after brain injury, Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 3:135–197.
Garcia, J. H., 1984, Experimental ischemic stroke: A review, Stroke 15:5–14.
Ginsberg, M. D., 1989, Efficacy of calcium channel blockers in brain ischemia—a critical assessment, in, “Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia 1988—Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia” (J. Krieglstein, ed.), pp. 65–73, Wissen-schaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, Germany.
Ginsberg M. D., and Busto, R., 1989, Progress review: Rodent models of cerebral ischemia, Stroke 20: 1627–1642.
Ginsberg M. D., Busto, R., Castella, Y., Valdes, I., and Loor, J., 1989, The protective effect of moderate intra-ischemic brain hypothermia is associated with improved postischemic glucose utilization and blood flow, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9(Suppl. 1):S380.
Ginsberg M. D., Welsh F. A., and Budd, W. W., 1980, Deleterious effect of glucose pretreatment on recovery from diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat. I. Local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization, Stroke 11:347–354.
Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1988a, Effect of ischemia on the in vivo release of striatal dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid studied by intracerebral microdialysis, J. Neurochem. 51:1455–1464.
Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1988b, Intra-ischemic extracellular release of dopamine and glutamate is associated with striatal vulnerability to ischemia, Neurosci. Lett. 91:36–40.
Globus, M. Y.-T,. Dietrich W. D., Busto, R., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1988c, The combined treatment with a dopamine D-1 antagonist (SCH-23390) and NMDA receptor blocker (MK-801) dramatically protects against ischemia-induced hippocampal damage, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8(Suppl. 1):S5.
Globus, M. Y.-T., Ginsberg, M. D., Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., and Scheinberg, P., 1987, Substantia nigra lesion protects against ischemic damage in the striatum, Neurosci. Lett. 80:251–256.
Hachinski, V., and Norris, J. W., 1985, “The Acute Stroke,” FA Davis, Philadelphia.
Hass, W. K., 1981, Beyond cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and ischemic thresholds: An examination of the role of calcium in the initiation of cerebral infarction, in “Cerebral Vascular Disease 3. Proceedings of the 10th International Salzburg Conference” (J. S. Meyer, H. Lechner, M. Reivich, E. O. Ott, and A. Aranibar, eds.), pp. 3–17, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
Heiss, W.-D., and Rosner, G., 1983, Functional recovery of cortical neurons as related to degree and duration of ischemia, Ann. Neurol. 14:294–301.
Kontos, H. A., 1989, Oxygen radicals in cerebral ischemia, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D Dietrich, eds.), pp. 365–371, Raven Press, New York.
Kraig, R. P., Pulsinelli W. A., and Plum, F., 1985, Hydrogen ion buffering during complete brain ischemia, Brain Res. 342:281–290.
Kraig, R. P.., Pulsinelli W. A., and Plum, F., 1986, Carbonic acid buffer changes during complete brain ischemia, Am. J. Physiol. 250:R348–R357.
Levy D. E., Brott, T., Haley, E. C., Barsan W. G., Olinger, C. P., Reed R. L., and Marler, J. P., 1989, A safety study of tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 21–27, Raven Press, New York.
Meldrum, B., 1989, Excitotoxicity in ischemia: An overview, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 47–60, Raven Press, New York.
Molinari, G. F., 1988, Editorial. Why model strokes? Stroke 19:1195–1197.
Molinari, G. E., and Laurent, J. P., 1976, A classification of experimental models of brain ischemia, Stroke 7:14–17.
Myers R. E., and Yamaguchi, S., 1977, Nervous system effects of cardiac arrest in monkeys. Preservation of vision, Arch. Neurol. 34:65–74.
Nakayama, H., Ginsberg M. D., and Dietrich, W. D., 1988, (S)-emopamil, a novel calcium channel blocker and serotonin S2 antagonist, markedly reduces infarct size following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat, Neurology 38:1667–1673.
Nedergaard, M., 1987, Transient focal ischemia in hyperglycemic rats is associated with increased cerebral infarction, Brain Res. 408:79–85.
Petito C. K., Feldmann, E., Pulsinelli W. A., and Plum, F., 1987, Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest, Neurology 37:1281–1286.
Prado, R., Ginsberg M. D., Dietrich W. D., Watson B. D., and Busto, R., 1988, Hyperglycemia increases infarct size in collaterally perfused but not end-arterial vascular territories, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8:186–192.
Pulsinelli W. A., Waldman, S., Rawlinson, D., and Plum, F., 1982, Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: A neuropathologic study in the rat, Neurology 32:1239–1246.
Rosomoff, H. I., 1957, Hypothermia and cerebral vascular lesions. II. Experimental interruption followed by inductions of hypothermia, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 78:454–464.
Rothman S. M., and Olney, J. W., 1986, Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Ann. Neurol. 19:105–111.
Rothman S. M., and Olney, J. W., 1987, Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor, Trends Neurosci. 10:299–302.
Scheinberg, P., 1988, Controversies in the management of cerebral vascular disease, Neurology 38:1609–1616.
Shearman, G. T., 1989, Effect of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 in animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 73–77, Raven Press, New York.
Siesjö, B. K., 1981, Cell damage in the brain: A speculative synthesis, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1:155–185.
Sokoloff, I., 1976, Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain, in “Basic Neurochemistry” (G. J. Siegel, R. W Albers, R. Katzman, and B. W. Agranoff, eds.), pp. 388–413, Little, Brown and Co, Boston.
Wei, E. P., and Kontos, H. A., 1987, Oxygen radicals in cerebral ischemia, Physiologist 30:122.
Welsh F. A., Ginsberg M. D., Rieder, W., and Budd, W W., 1980, Deleterious effect of glucose pretreatment on recovery from diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat. II. Regional metabolite levels, Stroke 11:355–363.
Zivin, J. A., 1989, A perspective on the future of thrombolytic stroke therapy, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 33–37, Raven Press, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ginsberg, M.D., Braquet, P., Bazan, N.G. (1992). Introduction Current Biochemical and Molecular Approaches to the Study of Cerebral Ischemia. In: Bazan, N.G., Braquet, P., Ginsberg, M.D. (eds) Neurochemical Correlates of Cerebral Ischemia. Advances in Neurochemistry, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3312-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3312-2_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6458-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3312-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive