Skip to main content

Introduction Current Biochemical and Molecular Approaches to the Study of Cerebral Ischemia

  • Chapter
Book cover Neurochemical Correlates of Cerebral Ischemia

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurochemistry ((ANCH,volume 7))

  • 836 Accesses

Abstract

Cerebral ischemia—the most prevalent form of clinical stroke—is a medical problem of the first magnitude. Despite rather convincing evidence of declining incidence of and mortality from stroke over the past decades (Scheinberg, 1988), it remains the third leading cause of death in the United States, as well as the major source of chronic disability, whose cost is reckoned in billions of dollars per annum and whose emotional impact is devastating (Hachinski and Norris, 1985). Traditional therapeutic approaches, largely supportive and directed at systemic factors, have tended to create a nihilistic attitude toward the potential for effective therapy of this disorder. This attitude is now changing as a result of impressive scientific advances, often carried out at a very basic level, that are shedding light on basic stroke pathomechanisms and are suggesting promising therapeutic approaches, some of which are now beginning to enter the clinical arena.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Astrup, J., Symon, L., Branston N. M., and Lassen, N. A., 1977, Cortical evoked potential and extracellular K+ and H+ at critical levels of brain ischemia, Stroke 8:51–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J. C., 1985, Positron tomography in cerebral ischemia. A review, Neuroradiology 27:509–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busto, R., Dietrich W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., Valdes, I., Scheinberg, P., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1987, Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7:729–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1989a, Postishemic moderate hypothermia inhibits CA1 hippocampal ischemic neuronal injury, Neurosci. Lett. 101:299–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1989b, The importance of brain temperature in cerebral ischemic injury, Stroke 20:1113–1114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busto, R., Globus, M. Y.-T., Dietrich W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1989c, Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain, Stroke 20:904–910.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carafoli, E., 1987, Intracellular calcium homeostasis, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:395–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung J. Y., Bonventre, J. V., Malis C. D., and Leaf, A., 1986, Calcium and ischemic injury, N. Engl. J. Med. 314:1670–1676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feeney D. M., and Sutton, R. L., 1987, Pharmacotherapy for recovery of function after brain injury, Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 3:135–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, J. H., 1984, Experimental ischemic stroke: A review, Stroke 15:5–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, M. D., 1989, Efficacy of calcium channel blockers in brain ischemia—a critical assessment, in, “Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia 1988—Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia” (J. Krieglstein, ed.), pp. 65–73, Wissen-schaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg M. D., and Busto, R., 1989, Progress review: Rodent models of cerebral ischemia, Stroke 20: 1627–1642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg M. D., Busto, R., Castella, Y., Valdes, I., and Loor, J., 1989, The protective effect of moderate intra-ischemic brain hypothermia is associated with improved postischemic glucose utilization and blood flow, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9(Suppl. 1):S380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg M. D., Welsh F. A., and Budd, W. W., 1980, Deleterious effect of glucose pretreatment on recovery from diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat. I. Local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization, Stroke 11:347–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1988a, Effect of ischemia on the in vivo release of striatal dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid studied by intracerebral microdialysis, J. Neurochem. 51:1455–1464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1988b, Intra-ischemic extracellular release of dopamine and glutamate is associated with striatal vulnerability to ischemia, Neurosci. Lett. 91:36–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Globus, M. Y.-T,. Dietrich W. D., Busto, R., Valdes, I., and Ginsberg, M. D., 1988c, The combined treatment with a dopamine D-1 antagonist (SCH-23390) and NMDA receptor blocker (MK-801) dramatically protects against ischemia-induced hippocampal damage, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8(Suppl. 1):S5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Globus, M. Y.-T., Ginsberg, M. D., Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., and Scheinberg, P., 1987, Substantia nigra lesion protects against ischemic damage in the striatum, Neurosci. Lett. 80:251–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hachinski, V., and Norris, J. W., 1985, “The Acute Stroke,” FA Davis, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hass, W. K., 1981, Beyond cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and ischemic thresholds: An examination of the role of calcium in the initiation of cerebral infarction, in “Cerebral Vascular Disease 3. Proceedings of the 10th International Salzburg Conference” (J. S. Meyer, H. Lechner, M. Reivich, E. O. Ott, and A. Aranibar, eds.), pp. 3–17, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiss, W.-D., and Rosner, G., 1983, Functional recovery of cortical neurons as related to degree and duration of ischemia, Ann. Neurol. 14:294–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kontos, H. A., 1989, Oxygen radicals in cerebral ischemia, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D Dietrich, eds.), pp. 365–371, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraig, R. P., Pulsinelli W. A., and Plum, F., 1985, Hydrogen ion buffering during complete brain ischemia, Brain Res. 342:281–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraig, R. P.., Pulsinelli W. A., and Plum, F., 1986, Carbonic acid buffer changes during complete brain ischemia, Am. J. Physiol. 250:R348–R357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy D. E., Brott, T., Haley, E. C., Barsan W. G., Olinger, C. P., Reed R. L., and Marler, J. P., 1989, A safety study of tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 21–27, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum, B., 1989, Excitotoxicity in ischemia: An overview, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 47–60, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molinari, G. F., 1988, Editorial. Why model strokes? Stroke 19:1195–1197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molinari, G. E., and Laurent, J. P., 1976, A classification of experimental models of brain ischemia, Stroke 7:14–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers R. E., and Yamaguchi, S., 1977, Nervous system effects of cardiac arrest in monkeys. Preservation of vision, Arch. Neurol. 34:65–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, H., Ginsberg M. D., and Dietrich, W. D., 1988, (S)-emopamil, a novel calcium channel blocker and serotonin S2 antagonist, markedly reduces infarct size following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat, Neurology 38:1667–1673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nedergaard, M., 1987, Transient focal ischemia in hyperglycemic rats is associated with increased cerebral infarction, Brain Res. 408:79–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petito C. K., Feldmann, E., Pulsinelli W. A., and Plum, F., 1987, Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest, Neurology 37:1281–1286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prado, R., Ginsberg M. D., Dietrich W. D., Watson B. D., and Busto, R., 1988, Hyperglycemia increases infarct size in collaterally perfused but not end-arterial vascular territories, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8:186–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pulsinelli W. A., Waldman, S., Rawlinson, D., and Plum, F., 1982, Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: A neuropathologic study in the rat, Neurology 32:1239–1246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosomoff, H. I., 1957, Hypothermia and cerebral vascular lesions. II. Experimental interruption followed by inductions of hypothermia, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 78:454–464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. M., and Olney, J. W., 1986, Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Ann. Neurol. 19:105–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. M., and Olney, J. W., 1987, Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor, Trends Neurosci. 10:299–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheinberg, P., 1988, Controversies in the management of cerebral vascular disease, Neurology 38:1609–1616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearman, G. T., 1989, Effect of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 in animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 73–77, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siesjö, B. K., 1981, Cell damage in the brain: A speculative synthesis, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1:155–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff, I., 1976, Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain, in “Basic Neurochemistry” (G. J. Siegel, R. W Albers, R. Katzman, and B. W. Agranoff, eds.), pp. 388–413, Little, Brown and Co, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, E. P., and Kontos, H. A., 1987, Oxygen radicals in cerebral ischemia, Physiologist 30:122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh F. A., Ginsberg M. D., Rieder, W., and Budd, W W., 1980, Deleterious effect of glucose pretreatment on recovery from diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat. II. Regional metabolite levels, Stroke 11:355–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zivin, J. A., 1989, A perspective on the future of thrombolytic stroke therapy, in “Cerebrovascular Diseases. Sixteenth Research (Princeton) Conference” (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 33–37, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ginsberg, M.D., Braquet, P., Bazan, N.G. (1992). Introduction Current Biochemical and Molecular Approaches to the Study of Cerebral Ischemia. In: Bazan, N.G., Braquet, P., Ginsberg, M.D. (eds) Neurochemical Correlates of Cerebral Ischemia. Advances in Neurochemistry, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3312-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3312-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6458-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3312-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics