Abstract
The relationship of the hen’s egg to human and animal health depends to some extent on its microbial content, more specifically on the microbiology of the freshly laid egg. Subsequent to this microbial contamination may occur from the environment. This may generally soil the surface of the shell, but most infectious agents involved in disease enter the egg while it is warm, or as it is cooling, or do so during egg formation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barrow, P.A. (1987) Microbial antibiotic resistance in animals, in Combating Resistance to Xenobiotics (eds. M.G. Ford et al.), Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp.45–53.
Barrow, P.A. and Lovell, M.A. (1989) Functional homology of virulence plasmids in Salmonellagallinarum, S. pullorum and S. typhimurium. Infect. Immun., 57, 3136–41.
Barrow, P.A. and Lovell, M. A. (1991) Experimental infection of egg-laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Pathol., 20, 339–52.
Barrow, P.A., Huggins, M.B., Lovell, M.A. and Simpson, J.M. (1987) Observations on the pathogenesis of experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens. Res. Vet. Sci., 42, 194–9.
Barrow, P.A., Simpson, J.M. and Lovell, M.A. (1988) Intestinal colonisation in the chicken by food-poisoning Salmonella serotypes; microbial characteristics associated with faecal excretion. Avian Pathol., 17, 571–88.
Benton, W.J., Cover, M.S. and Melchior, F.W. (1967) Mycoplasma gallisepticum in a commercial laryngotracheitis vaccine. Avian Dis., 11, 426–9.
Berg, R.D. (1992) Translocation and the indigenous gut flora, in Probiotics: the Scientific Basis (ed. R. Fuller), Chapman & Hall, London.
Biggs, P.M., Long, P.L., Kenzy, S.G. and Rootes, D.G. (1968) Relationship between Marek’s disease and coccidiosis. II. The effect of Marek’s disease on the susceptibility of chickens to coccidial infection. Vet. Rec., 83, 284–9.
Board, R.G., Ayres, J.C., Kraft, A.A. and Forsythe, R.H. (1964) The microbiological contamination of egg shells and egg packing materials. Poultry Sci., 43, 584–95.
Bojarski, J. (1968) Occurrence of Mycobacterium in eggs of tuberculin-positive hens. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 24, 21–3.
Calnek, B.W., Taylor, P.J. and Sevoian, M. (1960) Studie on avian encephalomyelitis. IV. Epizootiology. Avian Dis., 4, 325–47.
Eyssen, H., Swaelen, E., Kowszyk-Gindifer, Z. and Parmenteer, G. (1965) Nucleotide requirements of Lactobacillus acidophilus variants isolated from the crops of chicks. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 31, 241.
Feldman, W.H. (1938) Avian Tuberculosis Infections. Williams & Williams, Baltimore, MD.
Fitch, C.P. and Lubbenhausen, R.E. (1928) Completed experiments to determine whether avian tuberculosis can be transmitted through eggs of tuberculous fowls. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 72, 636–649.
Francis, J. (1958) Tuberculosis in Animals and Man: A study in Comparative Pathology. Cassell, London.
Fritzsche, K. and Allam, M.S.A.M. (1965) The contamination of hen eggs with mycobacteria. Arch. Lebensmittelhygiene, 16, 248–50.
Fuller, R. (1973) Ecological studies on the lactobacillus flora associated with the crop epithelium of the fowl. J. Appl Bacteriol., 36, 131–9.
Fuller, R. (1977) The importance of lactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop. Br. Poultry Sci., 18, 85–94.
Fuller, R., Houghton, S.B. and Brooker, B.E. (1981) Attachment of Streptococcus faecium to the duodenal epithelium of the chicken and its importance in colonization of the small intestine. Appl. Env. Microbiol., 41, 1433–41.
Fuller, R. and Jayne-Williams, D.J. (1968) The origin of bacteria recovered from the peritoneum and yolk sac of healthy chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 9, 159–63.
Fuller, R. and Jayne-Williams, D.J.(1970) Resistance of the fowl (Gallus domesticus) to invasion by its intestinal flora. II. Clearance of translocated intestinal bacteria. Res. Vet. Sci., 11, 368–74.
Fuller, R. and Turvey, A. (1971) Bacteria associated with the intestinal wall of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). J. Appl. Bacteriol., 34, 617–22.
Gerlach, H., Yamamoto, R. and Ortmayer, H.B. (1968) Zur Pathologie der Phallus-Infektion der Puten mit Mycoplasma meleagridis. Arch. Geflügelkunde, 32, 396–9.
Ghazikhanian, G., Yamamoto, R., McCapes, R.H. et al. (1980). Combination dip and injection of turkey eggs with antibiotics to eliminate Mycoplasma meleagridis infection from a primary breeding stock. Avian Dis., 24, 57–70.
Glisson, J.R. and Kleven, S.H. (1984) Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: effect on egg transmission and egg production. Avian Dis., 28, 406–15.
Griffin, H.D., Perry, M.M. and Gilbert, A.B. (1984) Yolk formation, in Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl (ed. B.M. Freeman), Academic Press, London, pp. 345–78.
Hall, W.J., Iggenhausen, D.H. and MacDonald, A.D. (1949) Studies on fowl typhoid. II. Control of the disease. Poult. Sci., 28, 344–62.
Harry, E.G. (1964) The survival of E. coli in the dust of poultry houses. Vet. Rec., 76, 466–70.
Karthigasu, K., Reade, P.C. and Jenkin, C.R. (1965) The functional development of the reticulo-endothelial system. III. The bactericidal capacity of fixed macrophages of foetal and neonatal chicks and rats. Immunology, 9, 67–73.
Kumar, M.C. and Pomeroy, B.S. (1969) Transmission of Mycoplasma meleagridis in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res., 30, 1423–36.
Matzer, N. and Yamamoto, R. (1974) Further studies on the genital pathogens of Mycoplasma meleagridis. J. Comp. Pathol., 84, 271–8.
McDougall, J.S., Shilleto, R.W. and Biggs, P.M. (1980), Experimental infection and vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus in the turkey. Avian Pathol., 9, 445–54
Mead, G.C. (1989), Microbes of the avian caecum; types present and substrates utilised. J. Exp. Zool., Suppl. 3, 48–54.
Mims, C.E. (1985) The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease. Academic Press, London.
Mohamed, Y.S., Chema, S. and Bohl, E.H. (1966) Studies on Mycoplasma of the ‘H’ serotype (Mycoplasma meleagridis) in the reproductive and respiratory tracts of turkeys. Avian Dis., 10, 347–52.
Parker, M.T. and Collier, L.H. (eds) (1990) Topley and Wilson’s Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity. Edward Arnold, London.
Payne, L.N. and Purchase, H.G. (1991) Leukosis/ sarcoma group, in Diseases of Poultry (eds B.W. Calnek, H J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, et al.) Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Report (1969) Report of the Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Cmnd. 4190. HMSO, London.
Sasipreeyajan, J., Halverson, D. A. and Newman, J. A. (1987) Comparison of culturing Mycoplasma gallisepticum from fresh eggs and 18-day-old embryos. Avian Dis., 31, 556–9.
Schalm, O.W. (1937) Study of a paratyphoid infection in chicks. J. Infect. Dis., 61, 208–16.
Smith, H.W. (1965a) The development of the flora of the alimentary tract in young animals. J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 90, 495–513.
Smith, H.W. (1965b) Observations on the flora of the alimentary tract of animals and factors affecting its composition. J. Pathol Bacteriol., 89, 95–122.
Smith, H.W. (1970) The transfer of antibiotic resistance between strains of enterobacteria in chickens, calves and pigs. J. Med. Microbiol., 3, 165–80.
Smith, H.W. and Tucker, J.F. (1975) The effect of antibiotic therapy on the faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by experimentally infected chickens. J. Hyg., 75, 275–92.
Smith, H.W., Barrow, P.A. and Tucker, J.F. (1985) The effect of oral antibiotic administration on the excretion of salmonellae by chickens, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salmonella, New Orleans, USA (ed. G.H. Snoeyenbos), American Association of Avian Pathologists, Pennsylvania, USA.
Smyser, C.F., Adinorayanan, N., Van Roekel, H. and Snoeyenbos, G.H. (1966) Field and laboratory observations on salmonellae heidelberg infections in three chicken breeding flocks. Avian Dis., 10, 314–29.
Taylor, L.W., Lowry, D.C. and Raggi, L.G.(1955) Effects of an outbreak of avian encephalomyelitis (epidemic tremor) in a breeding flock. Poult. Sci., 34, 1036–45.
Witter, R.L.(1991) Reticuloendotheliosis, in Diseases of Poultry (eds B.W. Calnek, H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, et al.) Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Yoder, H.W. Jnr (1991) Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, in Diseases of Poultry (eds B.W. Calnek, H J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, et al.), Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Barrow, P.A. (1994). The microflora of the alimentary tract and avian pathogens: translocation and vertical transmission. In: Board, R.G., Fuller, R. (eds) Microbiology of the Avian Egg. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3060-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3060-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6335-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3060-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive