Skip to main content

Abstract

The field of psychopathology may reasonably be defined as the study of human behavior that is, on its face, baffling and paradoxical—where the limits of ordinary understandings of why people do whatever they do are exceeded, thereby encouraging the introduction of extraordinary constructs that are purported to explain the unintelligible. Given human proclivities to be made very uncomfortable by behavior in others that is grossly aberrant (hence unpredictable and uncontrollable), an abundance of such extraordinary constructs have been advanced over the course of human intellectual history. Most of them now are generally viewed as quaint, or even absurdly amusing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, I. E. (1990). Personology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C. (1984). The broken brain: The biological revolution in psychiatry. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C. (1985). Positive vs. negative schizophrenia: A critical evaluation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 380–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C. (1988). The subtyping of schizophrenia. In E Flach (Ed.), The schizophrenias (pp. 30–40). New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C., Flaum, M., Swayze, V. W., II, Tyrrell, G., & Arndt, S. (1990). Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A critical reappraisal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 615–621.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angrist, B., Sathananthan, G., Wilk, S., & Gershon, S. (1974). Amphetamine psychosis: Behavioural and biochemical aspects. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 11, 13–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balogh, D. W., & Merritt, R. D. (1987). Visual masking and the schizophrenia spectrum: Interfacing clinical and experimental methods. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 679–698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barchas, J. D., Elliot, G. R., & Berger, P A. (1978). Biogenic amine hypotheses of schizophrenia. In L.C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment (pp. 126–142). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, A. S. (1989). Chromosome 5 and schizophrenia: Implications for genetic linkage studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 393–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1, 251–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellack, A. S., Morrison, R. L., & Mueser, K. T. (1989). Social problem solving in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 101–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L. (1979). Introduction: An idiosyncratic overview. In L. Bellak (Ed.). Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome (pp. 3–24). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, L. S. (1976). A reconsideration of the Kety and associates study of genetic factors in the transmission of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1129–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentall, R. P (1990). The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 82–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentall, R. P, Jackson, H. E, & Pilgrim, D. (1988). Abandoning the concept of schizophrenia: Some implications of validity arguments for psychological research into psychotic phenomena. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 303–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bezchlibnyk-Butler, K. Z., & Jeffries, J. J. (Eds.). (1990). Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs. Toronto: Hogrefe & Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleuler, E. (1950). Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias (J. Zinkin, Trans.). New York: International Universities Press. (Original work published in 1911)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bockhoven, J. S. (1972). Moral treatment in community mental health. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M., & Davis, R. W. (1980). Construction of a genetic linkage map in a man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics, 32, 314–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, T. N., & Miller, G. A. (1985). Season of birth in schizophrenia: A review of evidence, methodology, and etiology. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 569–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R., &Herrstein, R. J. (1977). Psychology. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. (1966). Psychopathology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, T. D., Mednick, S. A., & Parnas, J. (1989). Genetic and perinatal determinants of structural brain deficits in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 883–889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, A. (1988). The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1, 179–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, A., & Lindquist, M. (1963). Effect of chlorpromazine or haloperidol on the formation of 3-methoxytramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 20, 140–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, W. T., Strauss, J. S., & Muleh, S. (1973). Are there pathognomonic symptoms in schizophrenia?: An empiric investigation of Kurt Schneider’s first-rank symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 847–852.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. C. (1971). Disordered interpersonal behavior. In W. Hunt (Ed.), Human behavior and its control (pp. 134–157). Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. C. (1984). The schizophrenias. In H. E. Adams & P. Sutker (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (pp. 411–438). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. C., Butcher, J. N., & Coleman, J. C. (1988). Abnormal psychology and modern life (8th ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, A. H. (1976). Harry Stack Sullivan: His life and his work. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1973). Disordered thought in schizophrenia. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1980). Scales for rating psychotic and psychotic-like experiences as continua. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 476–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P (1989). Strategies for resolving the heterogeneity of schizophrenics and their relatives using cognitive measures. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 357–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P, & Miller, E. N. (1982). Reliabilities and intercorrelations of eight measures of proneness to psychosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 187–195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coursey, R. D. (1989). Psychotherapy with persons suffering from schizophrenia: The need for a new agenda. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creese, I., Burt, D. R., & Snyder, S. (1976). Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potency of antischizophrenic drugs. Science, 192, 481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crocetti, G. M., Lemkau, P V., Kulcar, Z., & Kesic, B. (1971). Selected aspects of the epidemiology of psychoses in Croatia, Yugoslavia: III. The cluster sample and results of a pilot survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 94, 126–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T. J., Ball, J., Bloom, S. R., Brown, R., Bruton, C. J., Colter, N., Frith, C. D., Johnstone, E. C., Owens, D. G. C., & Roberts, G. W. (1989). Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry: A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1145–1150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T. J., Cross, A. J., Owen, D., Ferrier, N., Johnstone, E. C., MacReadie, R. M., & Ownes, D. G. C. (1981). Neurochemical studies on post mortem brains in schizophrenia: Changes in the dopamine receptor in relation to psychiatric and neurological symptoms. Proceedings of the 134 th Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. M. (1978). Dopamine theory of schizophrenia: A twofactor theory. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment (pp. 105–115). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, S. R., & Kendler, K. S. (1989). Strategies for linkage studies of schizophrenia: Pedigrees, DNA markers, and statistical analyses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 403–420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLisi, L. E., & Crow, T. J. (1989). Evidence for a sex chromosome locus for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 431–440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLisi, L. E., Crow, T. J., & Hirsch, S. R. (1986). The third biannual winter workshops on schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 706–711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLisi, L. E., Mirsky, A. F., Buchsbaum, M. S., van Kammen, D. P., Berman, K. E, Phelps, B. H., Karoum, F., Ko, G. N., Korpi, E. R., Linnoila, M., & Sheinan, M. (1984). The Genain quadruplets 25 years later: A diagnostic and biochemical followup. Psychiatry Research, 13, 59–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doane, J. A., Falloon, I. R. H., Goldstein, M. J., & Mintz, J. (1985). Parental affective style and the treatment of schizophrenia: Predicting course of illness and social functioning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 34–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, J. W., & Weil, R. J. (1955). Culture and mental disorders: A comparative study of the Hutterites and other populations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, J. A., Gerhard, D. S., Pauls, D. L., Sussex, J. N., Kidd, K. K., Allen, C. R., Hostetter, A. M., & Housman, D. E. (1987). Bipolar affective disorders linked to DNA markers on chromosome 11. Nature, 325, 783–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, P, & Mellsop, G. (1990). The development of DSM-IV. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, J., Nee, J., Cohen, J., Fleiss, J. L., & Simon, R. (1986). Diagnosis of schizophrenia: Prediction of short-term outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 13–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, J., Nee, J., Cohen, J., Fleiss, J., Williams, J. B. W., & Simon, R. (1982). Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: Reliabilities and agreement between systems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 884–889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R. L. (1972). Current and Past Psychopathology Scale (CAPPS): A rationale, reliability and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 678–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairweather, G. W. (Ed.). (1980). The Fairweather Lodge: A twenty-five year retrospective. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairweather, G. W., Sanders, D. H., Maynard, H., & Cressler, D. L. (1969). Community life for the mentally ill: An alternative to institutional care. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falloon, I. R. H., Boyd, J. L., McGill, C. W., Williamson, M., & Razani, J. (1985). Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia: Clinical outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 887–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farde, L., Wiesel, F-A., Stone-Elander, S., Halldin, C., Nordstrom, A.-L., Hall, H., & Sedvall, G. (1990). D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients: A positron emission tomography study with [11C] raclopride. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 213–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feighner, J., Robins, E., Guze, S., Woodruff, R., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, J. (1969). Negroes and whites and rates of mental illness: Reconsideration of a myth. Psychiatry, 32, 428–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M. (1971). Psychoses in the offspring of schizophrenic monozygotic twins and their normal co-twins. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 43–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M. (1973). Genetic and environmental factors in schizophrenia: A study of schizophrenic twins and their families. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, (Suppl. 238)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B. (1957). The detection of schizophrenia in infancy: A preliminary report. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 125, 1–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B. (1977). Neurobiological antecedents of schizophrenia in children: Evidence for an inherited, congenital, neurointegrative defect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 1297–1313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frances, A. J., Widiger, T. A., & Pincus, A. (1989). The development of DSM-IV. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 373–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1948). Notes on the development of treatment of schizophrenics by psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 11, 263–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1950). Principles of intensive psychotherapy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N., & Rodnick, E. H. (1959). Premorbid adjustment and performance in schizophrenia: Implications for interpreting heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 129, 450–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, R. R., & Meehl, P. E. (1979). Detection of the schizoid taxon with MMPI indicators. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88 217–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. J. (1985). Family factors that antedate the onset of schizophrenia and related disorders: The results of a fifteen year prospective longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Suppl. No. 319), 71, 7–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. J., & Rodnick, E. H. (1975). The family’s contribution to the etiology of schizophrenia: Current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1, 48–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. J., & Strachan, A. M. (1987). The family and schizophrenia. In T. Jacob (Ed.), Family interaction andpsychopathology: Theories, methods, and findings. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I. I., & Bertelson, A. (1989). Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia: Risks in the offspring of Fischer’s Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 867–872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I. I., McGuffin, P., & Farmer, A. E. (1987). Clinical genetics as clues to the “real” genetics of schizophrenia (a decade of modest gains while playing for time). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 23–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I, I., & Shields, J. (1972). Schizophrenia and genetics: A twin study vantage point. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I. I., & Shields, J. (1982). Schizophrenia: The epigenetic puzzle. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, H. (1964). I never promised you a rose garden. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guelfi, G. P., Faustman, W. O., & Csernansky, J. G. (1989). Independence of positive and negative symptoms in a population of schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 177, 285–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurling, H. M. D., Sherrington, R. P, Brynjolfsson, J., Read, T., Curtis, D., Mankoo, B. J., Potter, M., & Petursson, H. (1989). Recent and future molecular genetic research into schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 75, 373–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, D. R., Gottesman, I. I., & Meehl, P E. (1977). Genetic theories and the validation of psychiatric diagnoses: Implications for the study of children of schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 575–588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. ML, Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (1987a). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: I. Methodology, study sample and overall status 32 years later. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 718–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (1987b). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: II. Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 727–735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrow, M., Carone, B. J., & Westermeyer, J. E (1985). The course of psychosis in early phases of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 702–707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, R. G. (1969). [Review of Rosenthal & Kety (Eds.), “The transmission of schizophrenia”]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 729–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, R. G., Martens, S., Leach, B. E., Cohen, M., & Angel, C. (1957). Effect of behavior in humans with the administration of taraxein. American Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 14–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heston, L. (1966). Psychiatric disorders in foster home reared children of schizophrenic mothers. British Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 819–825.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, S. R., & Leff, J. P. (1975). Abnormalities in parents of schizophrenics. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G. E., Anderson, C. M., Reiss, D. J., Kornblith, S. J., & Greenwald, D. P. (1986). Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia: I. One-year effects of a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 633–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty, G. E., McEvoy, J. P, Munetz, M., DiBarry, A. L., Bartone, P., Cather, R., Cooley, S. J., Ulrich, R. E, Carter, M., & Madonia, M. (1988). Dose of fluphenazine, familial expressed emotion, and outcome in schizophrenia: Results of a twoyear controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 797–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman, P. S., Kringlen, E., Levy, D. L., Proctor, L. R., Haberman, S. J., & Yasillo, S. J. (1977). Abnormal-pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 802–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman, P S., Kringlen, E., Matthysse, S., Flanagan, S. D., Lipton, R. B., Cramer, G., Levin, S., Lange, K., & Levy, D. L. (1988). A single dominant gene can account for eye tracking dysfunctions and schizophrenia in offspring of discordant twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 641–647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman, P S., & Levy, D. L. (1977). Smooth pursuit eye movements and functional psychoses: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3, 15–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman, P S., Levy, D. L., & Proctor, L. R. (1976). Smooth pursuit eye movements, attention, and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1415–1420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooley, J. M. (1985). Expressed emotion: A review of the critical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 119–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T. (1975). Family interaction in disturbed and normal families: A methodological and substantive review. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 33–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, B., & Kinney, D. K. (1980). Perinatal complications in adopted and nonadopted schizophrenics and their controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61 (Suppl. 285), 377–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janowski, D. S., El-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M., & Sekrke, H. J. (1973). Provocation of schizophrenic symptoms by intravenous administration of methylphenidate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 185–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., Meltzer, H., & Clozapine Collaborative Study Group (1988). Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 789–796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karon, B. P, & Vandenbos, G. R. (1981). Psychotherapy of schizophrenia: Treatment of choice. New York: Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, H. M. (1989). A new agenda for psychotherapy of schizophrenia: Response to Coursey. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 355–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, C. A., DeLisi, L. E., Lehner, T., & Gilliam, T. C. (1989). Physical mapping, linkage analysis of a putative schizophrenia locus on chromosome 5q. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 441–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, S. R., & Singh, M. M. (1989). The positive-negative distinction in drug-free schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 711–718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., & Davis, K. L. (1981). The genetics and biochemistry of paranoid schizophrenia and other paranoid psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 689–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., & Gruenberg, A. M. (1984). An independent analysis of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia: VI. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives, and adoptees. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 555–564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., & Tsuang, M. T. (1981). Nosology of paranoid schizophrenia and other paranoid psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 594–610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, J. L., Giuffra, L. A., Moisés, H. W., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Pakstis, A. J., Kidd, J. R., Castiglione, C. M., Sjogren, B., Wetterberg, L., & Kidd, K. K. (1988). Evidence against linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 5 in a northern Swedish pedigree. Nature, 336, 167–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S. (1987). The significance of genetic factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 21, 423–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P H., & Schulsinger, E (1968). The types and prevalence of mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted schizophrenics. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia (pp. 345–362). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P H., Schulsinger, E, & Jacobsen, B. (1978). The biologic and adoptive families of adopted individuals who became schizophrenic: Prevalence of mental illness and other characteristics. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment (pp. 25–37). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraepelin, E. (1883). Compendium der psychiatrie. Leipzig, Germany: Abel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, M., Rosen, B. M., & Willis, E. M. (1973). Definition and distribution of mental disorders in a racist society. In C. V. Willie, B. M: Kramer, & B. S. Brown (Eds.), Racism and mental health. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kringlen, E. (1968). An epidemiological-clinical twin study on schizophrenia. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia (pp. 49–64). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuechenmeister, C. A., Linton, P H., Mueller, T. V., & White, H. B. (1977). Eye tracking in relation to age, sex, and illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 578–579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lader, M. H., & Petursson, H. (1984). Computed axial brain tomography in long-term benzodiazepine users. Psychological Medicine, 14, 203–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latham, C., Holzman, P S., Manschreck, T. C., & Tole, J. (1981). Optokinetic nystagmus and pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 997–1003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T., & Seeman, P (1977). Dopamine receptors in normal and schizophrenic human brains. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 3, 443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (1989). Contributions of clinical neuropsychology to the study of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 341–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. L., Yasillo, N. J., Dorus, E., Shaughnessy, R., Gibbons, R. D., Peterson, J., Janicak, P G., Gaviria, M., & Davis, J. M. (1983). Relatives of unipolar and bipolar patients have normal pursuit. Psychiatry Research, 10, 285–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. S. (1989a). Age incidence and schizophrenia: Part I. The season of birth controversy. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 59–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. S. (1989b). Age incidence and schizophrenia: Part II. Beyond age incidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 75–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. S. (1990). Res ipsa loquitor: The author replies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 17–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. S., & Griffin, P. A. (1981). An explanation for the season of birth effect in schizophrenia and certain other diseases. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 589–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lidz, T., & Blatt, S. (1983). Critique of the Danish-American studies of the biological and adoptive relatives of adoptees who became schizophrenic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 426–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lidz, T., Cornelison, A., Reck, S., & Terry, D. (1957). The intrafamilial environment of schizophrenia patients: II. Marital schism and marital skew. American Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 241–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lidz, T., Cornelison, A., Terry, D., & Fleck, S. (1958). Intrafamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient: VI. The transmission of irrationality. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 79, 305–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lidz, T., Heck, S., & Cornelison, A. R. (1965). Schizophrenia and the family. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, J. A., Kinon, B. J., & Loebel, A. D. (1990). Dopaminergic mechanisms in idiopathic and drug-induced psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 97–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, K. P, & Paul, G. L. (1989). Involuntary commitments to public mental institutions: Issues involving the overrepresentation of blacks and assessment of relevant functioning. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 171–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, M., Barr, C. E., Cannon, T. D., Mednick, S. A., & Shore, D. (1989). Fetal neural development and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 149–161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magaro, P A. (1980). Cognition in Schizophrenia. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, J., Hans, S. L., Byhouwer, B., & Norem, J. (1985). Relationships among neurological functioning, intelligence quotients, and physical anomalies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 85–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, M. S., & Stromgren, E. (1975). Reactive psychoses: A family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 447–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGue, M., & Gottesman, 1.1. (1989). Genetic linkage in schizophrenia: Perspectives from genetic epidemiology. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 453–464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, T. F., & Kaij, L. (1978). Obstetric factors in the development of schizophrenia: Complications in the births of preschizophrenics and in reproduction by schizophrenic parents. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment (pp. 401–429). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A., & Schulsinger, F (1968). Some premorbid characteristics related to breakdown in children with schizophrenic mothers. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia (pp. 267–292). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A., Schulsinger, H., & Schulsinger, F (1975). Schizophrenia in children of schizophrenic mothers. In A. Davis (Ed.), Child personality and psychopathology: Current topics, Vol. 2. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A., Schulsinger, E, Teasdale, T. w., Schulsinger, H., Venables, P, & Rock, D. (1978). Schizophrenia in highrisk children: Sex differences in predisposing factors. In G. Serban (Ed.), Cognitive defects in the development of mental illness. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1972). A critical afterword. In 1.1. Gottesman & J. Schields, Schizophrenia and genetics: A twin study vantage point (pp. 367–415). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1978). Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 806–834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1989). Schizotaxia revisited. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 935–944.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer, H. Y. (1979). Biochemical studies in schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome (pp. 45–135). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklowitz, D. J., Strachan, A. M., Goldstein, M. J., Doane, J. A., & Snyder, K. S. (1986). Expressed emotion and communication deviance in families of schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 60–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, A. F, DeLisi, L. E., Buchsbaum, M. S., Quinn, O. W., Schwerdt, P., Siever, L. J., Mann, L., Weingartner, H., Zee, R., Sostek, A., Alkerman, I., Revere, V., Dawson, S. D., & Zahn, J. P. (1984). The Genain quadruplets: Psychological studies. Psychiatry Research, 13, 77–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, A. E, Silberman, E. K., Latz, A., & Nagler, S. (1985). Adult outcomes of high-risk children. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 150–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishler, E. G., & Waxier, N. E. (Eds.). (1968). Family processes and schizophrenia: Theory and selected experimental studies. New York: Science House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, T. H. (1920). The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters in the same animal. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 8, 17–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, T. H. (1911). The application of the conception of pure lines to sex-limited inheritance and to sexual dimorphism. American Naturalist, 45, 65–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, L. R. (1989, August). Schizophrenia: Current myths: The case of the neuroleptic drugs. In G. Shean (Chair), Schizophrenia and the current Zeitgeist Antitheses. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, L. R., & Gunderson, J. G. (1979). Group, family, milieu and community support systems treatment for schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome (pp. 399–452). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. L. (1973). Mental effects of L-DOPA. Annual Review of Medicine, 24, 209–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, H. B. M. (1968). Cultural factors in the genesis of schizophrenia. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia (pp. 137–154). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, H. B. M. (1978). Cultural influences on incidence, course, and treatment response. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment (pp. 586–594). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • NIMH Psychopharmacology Service Center Collaborative Study Group (1964). Phenothiazine treatment in acute schizophrenia: Effectiveness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 246–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, J. M., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1980). Schizophrenia. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, C. S., Falk, R., Johns, N., Boren, R., & Forehand, R. (1976). Comparing traditional clinical procedures with four systems to diagnose schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 66–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oltmanns, T. F., & Maher, B. A. (Eds.). (1988). Delusional beliefs. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, G. L., & Lentz, R. J. (1977). Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: Milieu versus social-learning programs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G., Johnston, P, & Hay ward, L. (1988). Parental “expressed emotion” as a predictor of schizophrenic relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 806–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlson, G. D., Kim, W. S., Kubos, K. L., Moberg, P J., Jayaram, G., Bascom, M. J., Chase, G. A., Goldfinger, A. G., & Hine, L. E. (1989). Ventricle-brain ratio, computed tomographic density, and brain area in 50 schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 690–697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollin, W., & Stabenau, J. R. (1968). Biological, psychological and historical differences in a series of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia (pp. 317–332). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollin, W., Stabenau, J., & TUpin, J. (1965). Family studies with identical twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 28, 60–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabin, A. I., Doneson, S. L., & Jentons, R. L. (1979). Studies of psychological functions in schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), The schizophrenic syndrome (pp. 181–231). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rin, H., & Lin, T. Y. (1962). Mental illness among Formosan aborigines as compared with the Chinese in Taiwan. Journal of Mental Science, 108, 134–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritzier, B. A. (1981). Paranoiaprognosis and treatment: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 710–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L. (1990). Whatever happened to the genetic map? Science, 247, 281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health diagnostic interview schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodnick, E. H., & Shakow, D. (1940). Set in the schizophrenic as measured by composite reaction time index. American Journal of Psychiatry, 90, 214–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. (1981). Family characteristics, childhood symptoms, and adult outcome in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 510–520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romme, M. A. J., & Escher, A. D. M. A. C. (1989). Hearing voices. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 209–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. N. (1953). Direct analysis: Selected papers. New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, G., Shore, D. L., & Chapin, K. (1988). Attention deficit and schizotypy: Marker versus symptom variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 41–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstein, M. J., Milazzo-Sayre, L. J., & Manderscheid, R. W. (1989). Care of persons with schizophrenia: A statistical profile. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 45–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, D. (Ed.). (1963). The Genain quadruplets. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. H., Kety, S. S., Schulsinger, E., Welner, J., & Ostergaard, L. (1968). Schizophrenics’ offspring reared in adoptive homes. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia (pp. 377–392). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, D., Wender, P H., Kety, S. S., Welner, J., & Schulsinger, F. (1971). The adopted away offspring of schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 307–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanua, V. D. (1969). Sociocultural aspects. In L. Bellak & L. Loeb (Eds.), The schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarbin, T. R., & Mancuso, J. C. (1980). Schizophrenia: Medical diagnosis or moral verdict? Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, M. (1982, July 16). Schizophrenic quads not identically ill, studies show. ADAMHA News, 8, 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmauss, C., & Krieg, J. C. (1987). Enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in benzodiazepine abusers. Psychological Medicine, 17, 869–873.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K. (1959). Clinical psychopathology. New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, W., & Balian, L. (1959). A comparative study of the personal histories of schizophrenic and nonpsychiatric patients. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 216–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeman, P (1987). Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse, 1, 133–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, R., Brynjolfsson, J., Petursson, H., Potter, M., Dudleston, K., Barraclaugh, B., Wasmuth, J., Dobbs, M., & Gurling, H. (1988). Localization of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chipmosome 5. Nature, 336, 164–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silberman, E. K., & Tassone, E. P (1985). The Israeli high-risk study: Statistical overview and discussion. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 138–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverton, L., Finello, K. M., Schulsinger, F., & Mednick, S. A. (1985). Low birth weight and ventricular enlargement in a highrisk sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 405–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. E, MacMillan* E W., & Ireland, R. B. (1982). Reaction-time crossover in preselected schizotypic subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 414–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M. T., & Wynne, L. C. (1965a). Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: III. Methodology using projective techniques. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 182–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M. T., & Wynne, L. C. (1965b). Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: IV. Results and implications. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 201–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M. T., Wynne, L. C., &Toohey, M. L. (1978). Communication disorders and the families of schizophrenics. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment (pp. 499–511). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, E., with the assistance of J. Shields (1953). Psychotic and neurotic illness in twins. Special Report Series No. 278, Medical Research Council (Great Britain).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980). The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowden, L. R., & Cheung, E K. (1990). Use of inpatient mental health services by members of ethnic minority groups. American Psychologist, 45, 347–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. H., Burt, D.R., & Creese, I. (1976). Dopamine receptor of mammalian brain: Direct demonstration of binding to agonist and antagonist states. Neuroscience Symposia, 1, 28–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, D. E. (1961). Children of schizophrenic patients: Preliminary observations on early development. American Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 512–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, L. (1975). Research diagnostic criteria. New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, Biometric Research Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spohn, H. E., Strauss, M. E. (1989). Relation of neuroleptic and anticholinergic medication to cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 367–380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stabenau, J., & Pollin, W. (1968). Comparative life history differences of families of schizophrenics, delinquents and “normals.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1526–1534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stabenau, J., TUpin, J., Werner, M., & Pollin, W. (1965). A comparative study of families of schizophrenics, delinquents and normals. Psychiatry, 28, 45–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, W. B., & Shapiro, D. A. (1989). Abuse of the drug metaphor in psychotherapy process-outcome research. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 521–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suddath, R. L., Christison, G. W., Torrey, E. E, Casanova, M. E, & Weinberger, D. R. (1990). Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 789–794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, H. S. (1962). Schizophrenia as a human process. In The collected works of Harry Stack Sullivan, Vol. II. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. A. (1989). The vote on DSM-IV. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tienari, P, Lahti, I., Sorri, A., Naarala, M., Moring, J., Wahlberg, K.-E., & Wynne, L. C. (1987). The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 21, 437–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tienari, P, Sorri, A., Lahti, I., Naarala, M., Wahlberg, K.-E., Pohjola, J., & Moring, J. (1985). Interaction of genetic and psychosocial factors in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71 (Suppl. No. 319), 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, E. E (1979). Epidemiology. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome (pp. 25–44). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, E. F., etal. (1984). Endemic psychosis in western Ireland. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 966–970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, E. E, Torrey, B. B., & Burton-Bradley, B. G. (1974). The epidemiology of schizophrenia in Papua, New Guinea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 567–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valenstein, E. S. (1986). Great and desperate cures. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyke, J. L., Rosenthal, D., & Rasmussen, P. V. (1975). Schizophrenia: Effects of inheritance and rearing on reaction time. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 7, 223–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, C. E., & Leff, J. P. (1976). The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness: A comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 125–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, C. E., & Leff, J. P (1981). Patterns of emotional response in relatives of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 43–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, C. E., Snyder, K. S., Jones, S., Freeman, W. B., & Falloon, I. R. H. (1984). Family factors in schizophrenic relapse: Replication in California of British research on expressed emotion. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1169–1177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventura, J., Nuechterlein, D. L., Lukoff, D., & Hardesty, J. P. (1989). A prospective study of stressful life events and schizophrenic relapse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 407–411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vieweg, W. V., Hundley, P L., & Godleski, L. S. (1989). DSM-III versus DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 685–686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagemaker, H., Rogers, J., & Cade, R. (1984). Schizophrenia, hemodialysis, and the placebo effect: Results and issues. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 805–810.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, D. R., DeLisi, L. E., Perman, G. P, Targum, S., & Wyatt, R. J. (1982). Computed tomography in schizophreniorm disorder and other acute psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 778–783.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wender, P. H., Rosenthal, D., Kety, S. S., Schulsinger, F., & Welner, J. (1974). Crossfostering: A research strategy for clarifying the role of genetic and experiential factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 121–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehorn, J. C., & Betz, B. J. (1954). A study of psychotherapeutic relationships between physicians and schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 321–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E., & Sartorius, N. (1974). The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, J. K., & Nixon, J. (1975). Discriminating symptoms in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 853–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winters, K. C., Weintraub, S., & Neale, J. M. (1981). Validity of MMPI code types in identifying DSM-III schizophrenics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 486–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1973). International pilot study of schizophrenia (Vol. 1). Geneva: World Health Organization Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynne, L. C., Ryckoff, I.M., Day, J., & Hirsch, S. I. (1958). Pseudomutuality in the family relations of schizophrenics. Psychiatry, 21, 205–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynne, L. C., Toohey, M. L., & Doane, J. (1979). Family studies. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome (pp. 264–288). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubin, J. (1978). Concluding comments. In L.C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubin, J., & Spring, B. J. (1977). Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carson, R.C., Sanislow, C.A. (1993). The Schizophrenias. In: Sutker, P.B., Adams, H.E. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6310-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3008-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics