Abstract
Life on earth depends on the transformation of sunlight (electromagnetic radiation) into biologically useful chemical energy. The first step in this process is the conversion of the free energy from sunlight into electrochemical ion gradients across biological membranes. Free energy derived from these, usually proton-but in some cases chloride-gradients, is subsequently stored in the form of the phosphorylation potential of ATP. In addition, free energy is stored in the form of redox potentials of coenzymes such as NAD(P)H.
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Hellingwerf, K.J., Crielaard, W., Westerhoff, H.V. (1993). Comparison of Retinal-Based and Chlorophyll-Based Photosynthesis: A Biothermokinetic Description of Photochemical Reaction Centers. In: Schuster, S., Rigoulet, M., Ouhabi, R., Mazat, JP. (eds) Modern Trends in Biothermokinetics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2962-0_9
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