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Intraclonal Polymorphism in Bacteria

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Advances in Microbial Ecology

Part of the book series: Advances in Microbial Ecology ((AMIE,volume 13))

Abstract

Bacteria occupy an extremely diverse range of habitats: from deep-sea volcanic vents to arctic soils and from animal organs to air-conditioning systems in modern buildings (Krieg and Holt, 1984). Given the diversity of genotypes within the eubacteria and archaebacteria this ubiquitous distribution is not surprising, but even at the genus level the ability to occupy disparate environments is often encountered. Moreover, this ability extends even to the species level, where, for example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be isolated from soil, water, and the lungs of humans compromised by cystic fibrosis (Palleroni, 1984). Evidently, the potential for adaptation within bacterial populations is prodigious. Even among genetically related bacteria, the ability to survive rapid and extensive changes in the environment is striking, reflecting in part the capacity for phenotypic variation or plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity has been defined as the ability of a single genotype to produce more than one alternative form of morphology, physiological state, and/or behavior in response to environmental conditions (West-Eberhard, 1989). Ultimately, however, phenotypic plasticity reflects altered gene expression and it is the essence and subtleties of these genetically determined adaptations which are addressed in this chapter.

Before the invention of pure culture methods, bacteria were believed to be fantastically variable—indeed, all the different types observed were thought by some biologists (the pleomorphists) to represent different stages in the life cycles of a few kinds of microbe. Koch’s demonstration that each type of bacterium breeds true when grown in pure culture caused the pendulum to swing the other way; it became the majority opinion that bacteria were monomorphic. At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, it became recognized that even the most impeccably pure cultures were able to change, and many bacteriologists began to study the mechanism of such variations.

Stanier, Dourdoroff, and Adelberg (1958)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, OX1 3SR, England

    Paul B. Rainey & Ian P. Thompson

  2. Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, England

    E. Richard Moxon

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  1. Paul B. Rainey
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  2. Ian P. Thompson
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  1. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, Cumbria, England

    J. Gwynfryn Jones

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Rainey, P.B., Thompson, I.P., Moxon, E.R. (1993). Intraclonal Polymorphism in Bacteria. In: Jones, J.G. (eds) Advances in Microbial Ecology. Advances in Microbial Ecology, vol 13. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2858-6_6

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