Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tumor invasion, proteolysis, and angiogenesis

  • Chapter
Brain Tumor Invasiveness

  • 49 Accesses

Summary

In this review, some of the current literature on the regulation of proteolysis and angiogenesis during tumor invasion is discussed. Due to the critical location of brain tumors, an understanding of tumor cell interactions with the local environment is particularly relevant. Tissue breakdown during tumor invasion is associated with proteolytic activity, mediated by tumor cells, and surrounding host cells. This review covers two classes of proteinases and inhibitors that have commonly been associated with tumor invasion i.e., plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) with special emphasis on the MMP inhibitors, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. At different steps of the metastatic process, tumor cells interact with endothelial cells. Tumor cells also stimulate the formation of new vessels through the expression of specific angiogenic molecules. At least eight angiogenic molecules have been purified, sequenced and cloned, four of which are discussed here. Regulation of angiogenic activity has been the focus of intense studies recently, and a wide range of synthetic and natural angiogenesis inhibitors have been discovered. Targeting of angiogenic molecules and tumor vasculature may prove useful in future cancer therapeutic strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Heppner GH, Miller BE: Therapeutic implications of tumor heterogeneity. Semin Oncol 16: 91–105, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Shapiro WR, Shapiro JP: Principles of brain tumor chemotherapy. Semin Oncol 13: 56–69, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cerame MA, Guthikonda M, Kohli CM: Extraneural metastases in gliosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 17: 413–418, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sherbert GV: The Metastatic Spread of Cancer. MacMillan, London, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  5. Folkman J, Shing Y: Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 267: 10931–10934, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brem SS, Zagzag D, Tsanclis AMC, Gately S, Elkouby MP, Brien SE: Inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth in the brain. Am J Pathol 136: 1121–1142, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  7. Rutka JT, Apodaca G, Stern R, Rosenblum M: Review article: The extracellular matrix of the central and peripheral nervous systems: structure and function. J Neurosurg 69: 155–170, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Caroni P, Schwab ME: Two membrane protein fractions from rat central myelin with inhibitory properties for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading. J Cell Biol 106: 1281–1288, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bunge RP, Bunge MB: Interrelationship between Schwann cell function and extracellular matrix production. Trends Neurosci 6: 499–505, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  10. Carbonetto S: The extracellular matrix of the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 7: 382–387, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  11. Aquino DA, Margolis RU, Margolis RK: Immunocytochemical localization of a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan in nervous tissue. I. Adult brain, retina and peripheral nerve. J Cell Biol 99: 1117–1129, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Culp LA, Ansbacher R, Domen C: Adhesion sites of neural tumor cells: biochemical composition. Biochemistry 19: 5899–5907, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. McComb RD, Bigner DD: Immunolocalization of laminin in neoplasms of the central and peripheral nervous systems. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 44: 242–253, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Schiffer D, Giordana MT, Mauro A, Migheli A: GFAP, FVIII/RAg, laminin, and fibronectin in gliosarcomas: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol 63: 108–116, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Flaumenhaft R, Rifkin DB: Extracellular matrix regulation of growth factor and protease activity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 3: 817–823, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Paralkar VM, Vukicevic S, Reddi AH: Transforming growth factor β type 1 binds to collagen IV of basement membrane matrix: implications for development. Dev Biol 143: 303–308, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Saksela O, Moscatelli D, Sommer A, Rifkin DB: Endothelial cell-derived heparan sulfate binds basic fibroblast growth factor and protects it from proteolytic degradation. J Cell Biol 107: 743–751, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Keski-Oja J, Koli K, Lohi J, Laiho M: Growth factors in the regulation of plasminogen-plasmin system in tumor cells. Semin Tromb Hemost 17: 231–239, 1991

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Salonen EM, Saksela O, Vartio T, Vaheri A, Nielsen LS, Zeuthen J: Plasminogen and tissue-type plasminogen activator bind to immobilized fibronectin. J Biol Chem 260: 12302–12307, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mackay AR, Gomez DE, Cottam DW, Rees RC, Nason AM, Thorgeirsson UP: Identification of the 72 kDa (MMP-2) and 92 kDa (MMP-9) gelatinase/type IV collagenase in preparations of laminin and matrigelâ„¢. Biotechniques 1993 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bar-Shavit R, Eldor A, Vlodavsky I: Binding of thrombin to subendothelial extracellular matrix. Protection and expression of functional properties. J Clin Invest 84: 1096–1104, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mimuro J, Loskutoff DJ: Purification of a protein from bovine plasma that binds to type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and prevents its interaction with extracellular matrix. Evidence that a protein is vitronectin. J Biol Chem 264: 936–939, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Edelberg JM, Reilley CF, Pizzo SV: The inhibition of tissue type plasminogen activator by plasminogen inhibitor-1. The effects of fibrinogen, heparin, vitronectin and lipoprotein (a). J Biol Chem 266: 7488–7493, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Storme G, Mareel M, De Bruyne G: Influence of cell number on directional migration of MO4 cells in vitro. Arch Geschwulstforsch 51: 45–50, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mullins DE, Rohrlich ST: The role of proteinases in cellular invasiveness. Biochim Biophys Acta 695: 177–214, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bjerkvig R, Tonnesen A, Laerum OD, Backlund EO: Multicellular tumor spheroids from human gliomas maintained in organ culture. J Neurosurg 72: 463–475, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lund-Johansen M, Bjerkvig R, Humphrey PA, Bigner SH, Bigner DD, Laerum OD: Effect of epidermal growth factor on glioma cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro. Cancer Res 50: 6039–6044, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Engebraaten O, Bjerkvig R, Pederson P-H, Laerum OD: Effects of EGF, NGF, PDGF (bb) on cell proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities of human brain-tumor biopsies in vitro. Int J Cancer 53: 209–214, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Vassalli JD, Sappino AP, Belin D: The plasminogen activator/plasmin system. J Clin Invest 88: 1067–1072, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mackay AR, Corbitt RH, Harzler JL, Thorgeirsson UP: Basement membrane type IV collagen degradation: evidence for the involvement of a proteolytic cascade independent of metalloproteinases. Cancer Res 50: 5997–6001, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ellis V, Wun TC, Behrendt N, Ronne E, Dano K: Inhibition of receptor-bound urokinase by plasminogen-activator inhibitors. J Biol Chem 265: 9904–9908, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Blasi F, Behrendt N, Cubellis MV, Ellis V, Lund LR, Masucci MT, Moller LB, Olson DP, Pedersen N, Ploug M, Ronne E, Dano K: The urokinase receptor and regulation of cell surface plasminogen activation. Cell Differ Dev 32: 247–254, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nusrat AR, Chapman HA: An autocrine role for urokinase in phorbol ester-mediated differentiation of myeloid cell lines. J Clin Invest 87: 1091–1097, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sato Y, Tsuboi R, Lyons R, Moses H, Rifkin DB: Characterization of the activation of latent TGF-β by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes or smooth muscle cells: a self regulating system. J Cell Biol 111: 757–763, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Saksela O, Rifkin DB: Release of basic fibroblast growth factor-heparan sulfate complexes from endothelial cells by plasminogen activated-mediated proteolytic activity. J Cell Biol 110: 767–775, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gross JL, Behrens DL, Mullins DE, Kornblith PL, Dexter DL: Plasminogen activator and inhibitor activity in human glioma cells and modulation by sodium butyrate. Cancer Res 48: 291–296, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Festoff BW: Regulation in Development and in Degenerative and Malignant Disease: Serine Proteases and their Serpin Inhibitors in the Nervous System. Plenum Publ Corp, New York, 1990, pp 52–79

    Google Scholar 

  38. Shi GY, Hau JS, Wang SJ, Wu IS, Chang BI, Lin MT, Chow YH, Chang WC, Wing LYC, Jen CJ, Wu HL: Plasmin and the regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator biosynthesis in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 267: 19363–19368, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Verrall S, Seeds NW: Characterization of 125I-tissue plasminogen activator binding to cerebellar granule neurons. J Cell Biol 109: 265–271, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dano K, Andreasen PA, Grondahl-Hansen J, Kristensen P, Nielsen LS, Skriver L: Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer. Ad Cancer Res 44: 139–266, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pyke C, Graem N, Ralfkier E, Ronne E, Hoyer-Hansen G, Brunner N, Dano K: Receptor for urokinase is present in tumor-associated macrophages in ductal breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 53: 1911–1915, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dano K, Dabelsteen E, Nielsen LS, Kaltoft K, Wilson EL, Zeuthen J: Plasminogen activating enzyme in cultured glioblastoma cells. J Histochem Cytochem 30: 1165–1170, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bernstein JJ, Goldberg WJ: Cells from fresh human glioblastoma multiforme migrate into hydrated gels. Proc 84th Meeting American Assoc Cancer Res 1993, p 64

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gloor S, Odink K, Guenther J, Nick H, Monard D: A glia-derived neurite promoting factor with protease inhibitory activity belongs to the protease nexins. Cell 47: 687–693, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Guenther J, Nick H, Monard D: A glia-derived neurite-promoting factor with protease inhibitory activity. EMBO J 4: 1963–1966, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Knauer DJ, Cunnungham DD: Protease nexins: cell-secreted proteins which regulate extracellular proteases. Trends in Biochem Sci 9: 231–233, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  47. Andreasen PA, Georg B, Lund LR, Riccio A, Stacey SN: Plasminogen activator inhibitors: hormonally regulated serpins. Mol Cell Endocrinol 68: 1–19, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sprengers ED, Kluft C: Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood 69: 381–387, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Laiho M, Keski-Oja J: Growth factors in the regulation of pericellular proteolysis: a review. Cancer Res 49: 2533–2553, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Farrell DH, Wagner SL, Yuan RH, Cunningham DD: Localization of protease nexin-1 on the fibroblast extracellular matrix. J Cell Physiol 134: 179–188, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Longstaff C, Gaffney PJ: Serpin-serine protease binding kinetics: alpha 2-antiplasmin as a model inhibitor. Biochemistry 30: 979–986, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Cottam DW, Rees RC: Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: their role in tumor invasion and metastasis (Review). Int J Oncol 2: 861–872, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Matrisian LM: Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in matrix remodeling. Trends Genet 6: 121–125, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Halaka AN, Bunning RAN, Gibson M, Reynolds JJ: Production of collagenase and inhibitor (TIMP) by intracranial tumors and dura in vitro. J Neurosurg 59: 461–466, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Paganetti PA, Caroni P, Schwab ME: Glioblastoma infiltration into central nervous system tissue in vitro: involvement of a metalloprotease. J Cell Biol 107: 2281–2291, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Apodaca G, Rutka JT, Bouhana K, Berens ME, Giblin JR, Rosenblum ML, McKerrow JH, Banda MJ: Expression of metalloproteinases and metalloproteinase inhibitors by fetal astrocytes and glioma cells. Cancer Res 50: 2322–2329, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Rao JS, Steck PA, Mohanam S, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Liotta LA, Sawaya R: Elevated levels of Mr 92,000 type IV collagenase in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 53: 2208–2211, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lund-Johansen M, Rucklidge GJ, Milne G, Bjerkvig R: A metalloproteinase, capable of destroying cultured brain tissue isolated from rat glioma cells. Anticancer Res 11: 1001–1006, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mignatti P, Robbins E, Rifkin DB: Tumor invasion through the human amniotic membrane: requirement for a proteinase cascade. Cell 47: 487–498, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cawston TE: Inhibitors of metalloproteinases. In: Barret AJ, Salveson G (eds) Proteinase Inhibitors. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, pp 589–610

    Google Scholar 

  61. Docherty AJP, Lyon A, Smith BJ, Wright EM, Stephens PE, Harris TJR, Murphy G, Reynolds JJ: Sequence of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and its identity to erythroid potentiating activity. Nature 318: 66–69, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Carmichael DF, Sommer A, Thompson RC, Anderson DC, Smith CG, Welgus HG, Stricklin GP: Primary structure and cDNA cloning of human fibroblast collagenase inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2407–2411, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Goldberg GI, Marmer BL, Grant GA, Eisen AZ, Wilhelm S, He C: Human 72-kilodalton type IV collagenase forms a complex with a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases designated TIMP-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 8207–8211, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. DeClerck YA, Yean TD, Ratzkin BJ, Lu HS, Langley KE: Purification and characterization of two related but distinct metalloproteinase inhibitors secreted by bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 264: 17445–17453, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Boone TC, Johnson MJ, DeClerck YA, Langley KE: cDNA cloning and expression of a metalloproteinase inhibitor related to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 2800–2804, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Stetler-Stevenson WG, Brown PD, Omisto M, levy AJ, Liotta LA: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) mRNA expression in tumor cell lines and human tumor tissues. J Biol Chem 265: 13933–13938, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pavloff N, Staskus PW, Kishnani NS, Hawkes S: A new inhibitor of metalloproteinases from chicken: ChIMP-3. J Biol Chem 267:17321–17326, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Jackson IJ, LeCras TD, Docherty AJP: Assignment of the TIMP gene to the murine X-chromosome using an interspecies cross. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 4537, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  69. Welgus HG, Jeffrey JJ, Eisen AZ, Roswit WT, stricklin GP: Human skin fibroblast collagenase: interaction with substrate and inhibitor. Collagen Relat Res 5:167–179, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Khokha R, Denhardt DT: Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases: A review of their role in tumorigenesis and tissue invasion. Invas Metas 9: 391–405, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ganser GL, Stricklin GP, Matrisian LM: EGF and TGFa influence in vitro lung development by the induction of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Int J Dev Biol 35: 453–461, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Edwards DR, Murphy G, Reynolds JJ, Whitham SE, Docherty AJ, Angel P, Heath JK: Transforming growth factor beta modulates the expression of collagenase and metalloproteinase inhibitor. EMBO J 6:1899–1904, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lefebvre V, Peeters Joris C, Vaes G: Modulation by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha of production of collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and collagen types in differentiated and dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1052: 366–378, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mackay AR, Ballin M, Pelina MD, Farina AR, Nason AM, Hartzler JL, Thorgeirsson UP: Effect of phorbol ester and cytokines on matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases expression in tumor and normal cell lines. Invas Metas 12:168–184, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lotz M, Guerne PA: Interleukin-6 induces the synthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1/erythroid potentiating activity (TIMP-1/EPA). J Biol Chem 266: 2017–2020, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Clark SD, Kobayashi DK, Welgus HG: Regulation of the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and collagenase by retinoids and glucocorticoids in human fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 80:1280–1288, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Richards CD, Shoyab M, Brown TJ, Gauldie J: Selective regulation of metalloproteinase inhibitor (TIMP-1) by Oncostatin M in fibroblasts in culture. J Immunol 150: 5596–5603, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Overall CM, Sodek J: Concanavalin A produces a matrixdegradative phenotype in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 265: 21141–21151, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Shapiro SD, Campbell EJ, Kobayashi DK, Welgus HG: Dexamethasone selectively modulates basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase production by human alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 146: 2724–2729, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ito A, Sato T, Iga T, Mori Y: Tumor necrosis factor bifunctionally regulates matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) production by human fibroblasts. FEBS Lett 269: 93–95, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Edwards DR, Waterhouse P, Holman ML, Denhardt DT: A growth-responsive gene (16C8) in normal mouse fibroblasts homologous to a human collagenase inhibitor with erythroid-potentiating activity: evidence for inducible and constitutive transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 8863–8878, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gasson JC, Golde DW, Kaufman SE, Westbrook CA, Hewick RM, Kaufman RJ, Wong GG, Temple PA, Leary AC, Brown EL, Orr EC, Clarck SC: Molecular characterization and expression of the gene encoding human erythroid-potentiating activity. Nature 315: 768–771, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bertaux B, Hornebeck W, Eisen AZ, Dubertret L: Growth stimulation of human keratinocytes by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. J Invest Dermatol 97: 679–685, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hayakawa T, Yamashita K, Tanzawa K, Uchijima E, Iwata K: Growth-promoting activity of tissue inhibitor of metal-loproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) for a wide range of cells. FEBS Lett 298: 29–32, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Murate T, Yamashita K, Oshashi H, Kagami Y, Tsushita K, Kinoshita T, Hotta T, Saito H, Yoshida S, Mori KJ, Hayakawa T: Erythroid potentiating activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases on the differentiation of erythropoie-tin-responsive mouse erythroleukemia cell line, ELM-I-1-3, is closely related to its cell growth potentiating activity. Exp Hematol 21:169–176, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stetler-Stevenson WG, Krutzsch HC, Liotta LA: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-2). A new member of the metalloproteinase inhibitor family. J Biol Chem 264: 17374–17378, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rosenberg GA, Kornfeld M, Estrada E, Kelley RO, Liotta LA, Stetler-Stevenson WG: TIMP-2 reduces proteolytic opening of blood-brain barrier by type IV collagenase. Brain Res 576: 203–207, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Yang TT, Hawkes SP: Role of the 21-kDa protein TIMP-3 in oncogenic transformation of cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10676–10680, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Flenniken AM, Williams BRG: Developmental expression of the endogenous TIMP gene and TIMP-lacZ fusion gene in transgenic mice. Genes Dev 4:1094–1106, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Murphy G, Reynolds JJ, Werb Z: Biosynthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by human fibroblasts in culture. J Biol Chem 260: 3079–3083

    Google Scholar 

  91. Hill PA, Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC: Inhibition of stimulated bone resorption in vitro by TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1177: 71–74, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Talhouk RS, Bissell MJ, Werb Z: Coordinated expression of extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases and their inhibitors regulates mammary epithelial function during involution. J Cell Biol 118:1271–1282, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Nomura S, Hogan B, Wills AJ, Heath JK, Edwards DR: Developmental expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) RNA. Development 105:575–583, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Carmichael DF, Stricklin GP, Stuart JM: Systemic administration of TIMP in the treatment of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Agents Actions 27: 378–379, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Takigawa M, Nishida Y, Suzuki F, Kishi J, Yamashita K, Hayakawa T: Induction of angiogenesis in chick yolk-sac membrane by polyamines and its inhibition by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP and TIMP-2). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 171:1264–1271, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Moses MA, Sudhalter J, Langer R: Identification of an inhibitor of neovascularization from cartilage. Science 248: 1408–1410, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Moses MA, Langer R: A metalloproteinase inhibitor as an inhibitor of neovascularization. J Cell Biochem 47: 230–235, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Thorgeirsson UP, Liotta LA, Kalebic T, Margulies IMK, Thomas K, Rios-Candelore M: Effect of natural protease inhibitors and a chemoattractant on tumor cell invasion in vitro. JNCI 69:1049–1054, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. DeClerck YA, Yean TD, Chan D, Shimada H, Langley KE: Inhibition of tumor invasion of smooth muscle cell layers by recombinant human metalloproteinase inhibitor. Cancer Res 51: 2151–2157, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  100. Albini A, Melchiori A, Santi L, Liotta LA, Brown PD, Stet-ler-Stevenson WG: Tumor cell invasion inhibited by TIMP-2. JNCI 83: 775–779, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. DeClerck YA, Perez N, Shimada H, Boone TC, Langley KE, Taylor SM: Inhibition of invasion and metastasis in cells transfected with an inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Cancer Res 52: 701–708, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  102. Tsuchiya Y, Sato H, Endo Y, Okada Y, Mai M, Sasaki T, Seiki M: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 is a negative regulator of the metastatic ability of a human gastric cancer cell line, KKLS, in the chick embryo. Cancer Res 53: 1397–1402, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Khokha R, Zimmer MJ, Graham CH, Lala PK, Water-house P: Suppression of invasion by inducible expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in B16-F10 melanoma cells. JNCI 84:1017–1022, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Alvarez OA, Carmichael DF, DeClerck YA: Inhibition of collagenolytic activity and metastasis of tumor cells by a recombinant human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. JNCI 82: 589–595, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Alexander CM, Werb Z: Targeted disruption of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases gene increases the invasive behavior of primitive mesenchymal cells derived from embryonic stem cells in vitro. J Cell Biol 118: 727–739, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Khokha R, Waterhouse P, Yagel S, Lala PK, Overall CM, Norton G, Denhardt DT: Antisense RNA-induced reduction in murine TIMP levels confers oncogenicity on Swiss 3T3 cells. Science 243: 947–950, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Nicolson GL: Tumor and host molecules important in the organ preference of metastasis. Sem Cancer Biol 2: 143–154,1991

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. McCarthy JB, Skubitz APN, Iida J, Mooradiau DL, Wilke MS, Furcht LT: Tumor cell adhesive mechanisms and their relationship to metastasis. Sem Cancer Biol 2: 155–167, 1991

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Rice GE, Bevilacqua MP: An inducible endothelial cell surface glycoprotein mediates melanoma adhesion. Science 246:1303–1306, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Neugebauer KM, Emmett CJ, Venstrom KA, Reichardt LF: Vitronectin and thrombospondin promote retinal neurite outgrowth: developmental regulation and role of integrins. Neuron 6: 345–358, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Paulus W, Baur I, Schuppan D, Roggendorf W: Characterization of integrin receptors in normal and neoplastic human brain. Am J Pathol 143:154–163, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Wayne Smith C, Anderson DC: PMN adhesion and extravasation as a paradigm for tumor cell dissemination. Cancer Met Rev 10: 61–78, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  113. Kuppner MC, van Meir E, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N: Cytokine regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on human glioblastoma cells. Clin Exp Immunol 81:142–148, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Fabri Z, Waldschmidt MM, Hendrickson D, Keiner J, Love-Homan L, Takei F, Hart MN: Adhesion molecules on murine brain microvascular endothelial cells: expression and regulation of ICAM-1 and Lgp 55. J Neuroimmunol 36: 1–11, 192

    Google Scholar 

  115. Aruffo A, Dietsch MT, Wan H, Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I: Granule membrane protein 140 (GMP140) binds to carcinoma-derived cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:2292–2296, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Bereta M, Bereta J, Cohen S, Zaifert K, Cohen M: Effect of inflammatory cytokines on the adherence of tumor cells to endothelium in a murine model. Cell Immunol 136: 263–267, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Pober JS: Cytokine-mediated activation of vascular endothelium. Am J Pathol 133: 426–433, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kelly PJ, Suddith RL, Hutchison HT, Werrbach K, Haber B: Endothelial growth factor present in tissue culture of CNS tumors. J Neurosurg 44: 342–346, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Paulus W, Peiffer J: Intratumoral histologic heterogeneity of gliomas; a quantitative study. Cancer 64: 442–47, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ferrara N, Henzel WJ: Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161:851–858, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Ferrara N, Houk KA, Jakeman LJ, Winer J, Leung DW: The vascular endothelial growth factor family of polypeptides. J Cellular Biochem 47: 211–218, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  122. Shweiki D, Itin A, Neufeld G, Gitay-Goren H, Keshet E: Patterns of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in mice suggest a role in hormonally regulated angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 91: 2235–2243, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Monacci WT, Merrill MJ, Oldfield EH: Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in normal rat tissues. Am J Physiol 264: C995–1002, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Jakeman LB, Winer J, Bennett GL, Altar A, Ferrara N: Binding sites for vascular endothelial growth factor are localized on endothelial cells in adult rat tissues. J Clin Invest 89: 244–253, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Plate KH, Brier G, Weich HA, Risau W: Vascular endothelial cell growth factor is a potential tumor angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359: 845–848, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Dvorak HF, Sioussat TM, Brown LF, Berse B, Nagy JA, Sotrel A, Manseau EJ, van de Water L, Senger DR: Distribution of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in tumors: concentration in tumor blood vessels. J Exp Med 174:1275–1278, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Berkman RA, Merrill MJ, Reinhold WC, Monnaci WT, Saxena A, Clark WC, Robertson JT, Ali IU, Oldfield EH: Expression of the vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor gene in central nervous system neoplasms. J Clin Invest 91:153–159, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E: Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia mediated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843–845, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Berse B, Brown LF, van de Water L, Dvorak HF, Senger DR: Vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial cell growth factor) gene is expressed differentially in normal tissues, macrophages and tumors. Mol Biol Cell 3:211–220, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS, Ferrara N: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Nature 362: 841–844, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Ferrara N, Winer J, Burton T, Rowland A, Siegel M, Phillips HS, Terrell T, Keller GA, Levinson AD: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor does not promote transformation but confers a growth advantage in vivo to Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Clin Invest 91:160–170, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Zagzag D, Miller DC, Sato Y, Rifkin DB, Burstein DE: Immunohistochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor in astrocytomas. Cancer Res 50: 7393–7398, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Stefanik D, Rizkalla LR, Soi A, Goldblatt SA, Rizkalla WM: Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors are present in glioblastoma multiforme and normal brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 638: 477–80,1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Stefanik DF, Rizkalla LR, Soi A, Goldblatt SA, Rizkalla WM: Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors are present in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 51: 5760–5765, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Saxena A, Ali IU: Increased expression of genes from growth factor signalling pathways in glioblastoma cell lines. Oncogene 7: 243–247, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Pepper MS, Belin D, Montesano R, Orci L, Vassalli J-D: Transforming growth factor-beta 1 modulates basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proteolytic and angiogenic properties of endothelial cells in vitro. J Cell Biol 111: 743–755, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Sato Y, Okamura K, Morimoto A, Hamanaka R, Hamaguchi K, Shimada T, Ono M, Kohno K, Sakata T, Kuwano M: Indispensable role of tissue-type plasminogen activator in growth factor-dependent tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 204: 223–229, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lund-Johansen M, Forsberg K, Bjerkvig R, Laerum OD: Effects of growth factors on a human glioma cell line during invasion into rat brain aggregates in culture. Acta Neuropathol 84:190–197,1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Brown PI, Lam R, Lakshmanan J, Fisher DA: Transforming growth factor alpha in developing rats. Am J Physiol 259: E256–260, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Lazar LM, Blum M: Regional distribution and developmental expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor- mRNA in mouse brain by a quantitative nuclease protection assay. J Neurosci 12:1688–1697, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Baugnet-Mathieu L, Lemaire M, Brotchi J, Levivier M, Born J, Gilles J, Valkenaers-Michaux A, Vangheel V: Epidermal growth factor receptors in human tumors of the central nervous system. Anticancer Res 10:1275–1280, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  142. Yamazaki H, Ahba Y, Tamaoki N, Shibuya M: A deletion mutation within the ligand binding domain is responsible for activation of epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human brain tumors. Jpn J Cancer Res 81: 773–779, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Yung WKA, Zhang X, Steck PA, Hung M-C: Differential amplification of the TGF-α gene in human gliomas. Cancer Commun 2: 201–205, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Agosti RM, Leuthold M, Gullick WJ, Yasargil MG, Wiestler OD: Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor in astrocytic tumors is specifically associated with glioblastoma multiforme. Virchows Archiv A Pathol Anat 420: 321–325, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Ekstrand AJ, James JC, Cavenee WK, Seliger B, Pettersson RF, Collins VP: Genes for epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor and epidermal growth factor and their expression in human gliomas in vivo. Cancer Res 51: 2164–2172, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Torp SH, Helseth E, Dalen A, Unsgaard G: Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human gliomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 33: 61–64, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Dorward NL, Hawkins RA, Whittle IR: Epidermal growth factor receptor activity and clinical outcome in glioblastoma and meningioma. Br J Neurosurg 7:197–200, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Torp SH, Helseth E, Dalen A, Unsgaard G: Relationships between Ki-67 labelling index, amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and prognosis in human glioblastomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 117:182–186, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Goldman CK, Kim J, Wong W-L, King V, Brock T, Gillespie GY: Epidermal growth factor stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by human malignant glioma cells: a model of glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology. Mol Biol Cell 4:121–133, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Heine UI, Munoz EF, Flanders KC, Ellingsworth LR, Lam H-YP, Thompson NL, Roberts AB, Sporn MB: Role of transforming growth factor-β in the development of the mouse embryo. J Cell Biol 105: 2861–2871,1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Ray Chadhury A, D’Amore PA: Endothelial cell regulation by transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Biochem 47: 224–229, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  152. Pepper MS, Vassalli J-D, Orci L, Montesano R: Biphasic effect of transforming growth factor-β on in vitro angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 204: 356–363, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Ueki N, Nakazato M, Ohkawa T, Ikeda T, Amuro Y, Hada T, Higashino K: Excessive production of transforming growth factor-B1 can play an important role in the development of tumorigenesis by its action for angiogenesis: validity of neutralizing antibodies to block tumor growth. Biochem Biophys Acta 1137:189–196, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Yang EY, Moses HL: Transforming growth factor-B1 induced changes in cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. J Cell Biol 111: 731–741, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Sutton AB, Canfield AE, Schor SL, Grant ME, Schor AM: The response of endothelial cells to TGF-β is dependent upon cell shape, proliferative state and the nature of the substratum. J Cell Sci 99: 777–787, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Falcone DJ, McCaffrey TA, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Garcia M: Transforming growth factor-β1 stimulates macrophage urokinase expression and release of matrix-bound basic fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Physiol 155: 595–605, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Bodmer S, Strommer K, Frei K, Siepl C, de Tribolet N, Heid I, Fontana A: Immunosuppression and transforming growth factor-β in glioblastoma. J Immunol 143: 3222–3229, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Constam DB, Philipp J, Malipiero UV, ten Dijke P, Schachner M, Fontana A: Differential expression of transforming growth factor-β1, -β2, and -β3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes and microglia. J Immunol 148:1404–1410, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Olofsson A, Miyazono K, Kanzaki T, Colosetti P, Engstrom U, Heldrin C-H: Transforming growth factor-β1, -β2 and -β3 secreted by a human glioblastoma cell line. J Biol Chem 267:19482–19488, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Tada T, Yabu K, Kobayashi S: Detection of active form of transforming growth factor-β in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with glioma. Jpn J Cancer Res 84: 544–548, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Heldin CH, Westermark B: Platelet-derived growth factor and autocrine mechanisms of oncogenic processes. Crit Rev Oncogen 2:109–124, 1991

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Reddy UR, Pleasure D: Expression of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor genes in the developing rat brain. J Neurosci Res 31: 670–677, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Pringle NP, Mudhar HS, Collarini EJ, Richardson WD: PDGF receptors in the rat CNS: during late neurogenesis, PDGF alpha-receptor expression appears to be restricted to glial cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Development 115: 535–551, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Holmgren L, Glaser A, Pfeifer-Ohlsson S, Ohlsson R: Angiogenesis during extraembryonic development involves the spatiotemporal control of PDGF ligand and receptor gene expression. Development 113: 749–754, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Sato N, Beitz JG, Kato J, Yamamoto M, Clark JW, Calabresi P, Frackelton AR: Platelet-derived growth factor indirectly stimulates angiogenesis in vitro. Am J Pathol 142: 1119–1130, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Deinhardt F: The biology of primate retrovirus. In: Klein G (ed) Viral Oncology. Raven Press, New York, 1980, pp 359–398

    Google Scholar 

  167. Gazit A, Igarashi H, Chui I-M, Srinivasan A, Yaniv A, Tronick SR, Robbins KC, Aaronson SA: Expression of the normal human c-sis/PDGF-2 coding sequence induces cellular transformation. Cell 39: 89–97, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Mapstone T, McMichael M, Goldthwait D: Expression of platelet-derived growth factors, transforming growth factors and the ras gene in a variety of human brain tumors. Neurosurgery 28: 216–221, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Fleming TP, Saxena A, Clark WC, Robertson JT, Oldfield EH, Aaronson SA, Ali IU: Amplification and/or over expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor in human glial tumors. Cancer Res 52: 4550–4553, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Hermanson M, Funa K, Hartman M, Claesson-Walsh L, Heldin C-H, Westermark B, Nister M: Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptor in human glioma tissue: expression of messenger RNA and protein suggests the presence of autocrine and paracrine loops. Cancer Res 52: 3213–3219, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Plate KH, Breier G, Farrell CL, Risau W: Plateletderived growth factor receptor-β is induced during tumor progression in endothelial cells in human gliomas. Lab Invest 67: 529–534, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Office of the Director, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

    Unnur P. Thorgeirsson, Carol K. Lindsay, David W. Cottam & Daniel E. Gomez

Authors
  1. Unnur P. Thorgeirsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carol K. Lindsay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David W. Cottam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Daniel E. Gomez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA

    Ronald H. Goldfarb

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thorgeirsson, U.P., Lindsay, C.K., Cottam, D.W., Gomez, D.E. (1994). Tumor invasion, proteolysis, and angiogenesis. In: Goldfarb, R.H. (eds) Brain Tumor Invasiveness. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2622-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2622-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6124-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2622-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation