Advertisement

Magnetometric Measurements of Macrophage Activity in the Liver after Administration of Different Perfluorochemicals

Chapter
Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB, volume 345)

Abstract

Ferromagnetic particles, phagocytosed by macrophages of the liver, can be sensed magnetometrically after application of a strong external magnetic field. 1–5 Immediately after the end of magnetization, a loss of alignment of the phagocytosed particles begins, called magnetic relaxation,6,7 which can be measured by means of a sensitive magnetic probe. The velocity of this disalignment depends on phagosomal motion within the cells and thus is an indirect measure of phagocytic activity.7–10 Artificial oxygen carriers like perfluorochemicals are taken up by the same cell type within the reticulo-endothelial system (RES).11–14 However, large differences seem to exist between several generations of these blood substitutes and diagnostic agents. The first generation, represented by FluosolR-DA (FSD),15–17 offered the disadvantage of needing a frozen state to be conserved, a low concentration of the effective emulsion and a prolonged retention within tissues. These handicaps seem widely overcome by second generation fluorochemical emulsions based on perfluoroctylbromide (PFOB,18,19 perflubron, OxygentTM HT). The above mentioned method was therefore applied to test differences between both types of oxygen carriers concerning their effects on cells of the RES. Since the measurements are non-invasive, longitudinal studies in the same animals of a group can be undertaken after different time periods following administration of the substances

Keywords

Oxygen Carrier Magnetic Relaxation Blood Substitute Colloidal Carbon Strong External Magnetic Field 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Gehr P, Brain JD, Bloom SB, Valberg PA (1983): Magnetic particles in the liver: a probe for intracellular movement. Nature 302, 336–338PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Gehr P, Brain JD, Bloom SB (1984): Noninvasive studies of Kupffer cells in situ by magnetometry. J. Leukocyte Biol. 35, 19–30PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Weinstock SB, Brain JD, Keller-McGandy CE, Taylor KR et al. (1986): Measurement of phagosomal motion by non-invasive magnetometry in Kupffer cells of rats treated with perfluorochemicals. In: Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid Vol.1 (Ed. A Kirn, DL Knook and E Wisse) Acad. Press NY p. 51–52Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Weinstock SB, Brain JD (1988): Comparison of particle clearance and macrophage phagosomal motion in liver and lungs of rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 65, 1811–1820PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Lutz J, Augustin AJ, Schwegler JS, Milz J (1992): Magnetometric studies on the reticuloendothelial system of the liver after administration of different lipid emulsions. Life Sciences 50, 1503–1510PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Cohen D (1973): Ferromagnetic contamination in the lungs and other organs of the human body. Science 180, 745–748PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Brain JD, Bloom SB, Valberg PA, Gehr P (1984): Correlation between the behavior of magnetic iron oxide particles in the lung of rabbits and phagocytosis. Exp. Lung Res. 6 115–131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Valberg PA (1984): Magnetometry of ingested particles in pulmonary macrophages. Science 224,513–516PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Valberg PA, Albertini, DF (1985): Cytoplasmic motions, rheology, and structure probed by a novel magnetic particle method. J Cell Biol. 101, 130–140PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Gehr P, Brain JD, Nemoto I, Bloom SB (1983): Behavior of magnetic particles in hamster lungs: estimates of clearance and cytoplasmic motility. J. Appl. Physiol. 55, 1196–1202PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Lutz J, Metzenauer P (1980): Effects of potential blood substitutes (perfluorochemicals) on rat liver and spleen. Pflueg. Arch. (Europ. J. Physiol.) 387, 175–181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Fujita T, Suzuki C, Ogawa R (1983): Effect of Fluosol-DA on the reticulo-endothelial system function in surgical patients. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 122, 265–272PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Castro O, Nesbitt E, Lyles D (1984): Effect of a perfluorocarbon emulsion (Fluosol-DA) on reticuloendothelial system clearance function. Am. J. Hematol 16, 15–21PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Lutz J (1985): Effect of perfluorochemicals on host defense, especially on the reticuloendothelial system. Int. Anesthesiol. Clinics 23, 63–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Naito R, Yokoyama K (1978): Perfluorochemical blood substitutes Fluosol-43, Fluosol-DA 20% and 35%. Technical Information No 5, Green Cross Corp., OsakaGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Yokoyama K, Yamanouchi K, Ohyanagi H, Mitsuno T (1978): Fate of perfluorochemicals in animals after intravenous injection or hemodilution with their emulsions. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 26, 956–966PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Naito R (1980): Synthetic blood, what is it? And what will be its effect on the blood/plasma system? Plasma Forum/Amer.Blood Resources Ass. 1980, 154–171Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Long DM, Long DC, Mattrey RF, Long RA, Burgan AR, Herrick WC, Shellhamer DF (1988): An overview of pertluoroctylbromide - application as a synthetic oxygen carrier and imaging agent for x-ray, ultrasound and nuclear magnetic resonance. Biomat. Art. Cells Art. Organs 16, 411–420Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Faithful NS (1992): Oxygen delivery from fluorocarbon emulsions - Aspects of convective and diffusive transport. Biomat. Art Cells Immob. Biotech. 20, 797–804Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Jäger LJE, Lutz J (1993) Phagocytosis of colloidal carbon after administration of artificial oxygen carriers of first and second generation. Advances in Exp. Med. & Biol. (This volume, in press)Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Lutz J, Barthel U, Metzenauer P (1982) Variation in toxicity of Escherichia coli endotoxin after treatment with pertluorinated blood substitutes in mice. Circ. Shock 9, 99–106PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1994

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Physiologisches Institut der Universitaet WuerzburgWuerzburgGermany

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options