Abstract
In this chapter we present a comparative study of different sensing means that are used with comparable sensing shells to detect small displacement/force and accelerations. We consider the cantilever beam shown in Figure 1 as the sensor shell commonly used by all the sensors discussed in the present chapter. It is a simple silicon cantilever beam that is fabricated as discussed in section II. The sensing mean translates the displacement of the cantilever beam to a signal. The sensor shell we have described is used in a variety of sensors including atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M. Tabib-Azar and J. S. Leane, “Direct Optical Control for a Silicon Micro-Actuator.” Sensors and Actuators, Vol. A (21), p.p. 229–235 (1989).
M. Tabib-Azar, “Sensor Parameters and Characterization.” In: VCH Handbook series, Volume I; Fundamentals. Edited by W. H. Ko and T. Grandke, p.p. 18–42 (1990).
R. V. Jones and J. C. S. Richards, “The design and some applications of sensitive capacitive micrometers.” J. of Phys. E, Vol. 6, p.p. 589–600 (1973).
G. Neubauer, S. R. Cohen, Gary M McClelland, Don Horne and C Mathew Mate, “Force microscopy with a bidirectonal capacitance sensor.” Rev. Sc. Instrum., Vol. 61 (9), p.p. 2296–2307 (1990).
H-L. Chau and K. D. Wise, “Scaling limits in batch-fabricated silicon pressure sensors.” IEEE Trans. Electr. Dev., Vol. ED-34 (4), p.p. 850–858 (1987).
R. R. Spencer, B. M. Fleischer, Phillip W Barth, James B Angell, “A theoretical study of transducer noise in piezoresistive and capacitive silicon pressure sensors.” IEEE Trans. electr. dev., Vol. 35 (8), p.p. 1289–1297 (1988).
H-L Chau and K. D. Wise, “Noise due to brownian motion in ultrasensitive solid state sensors.” IEEE Trans. electr. dey., Vol. ED-34 (4), p.p. 859–865 (1987).
W. H. Ko, “Solid-state capacitive pressure transducers.” Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 10 (3 and 4), p.p. 303–320 (1986).
a) T. Itoh and T. Suga, “Piezoelectric sensor for detecting force gradients in atomic force microscopy.” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 33. p.p. 334–340 (1994).
b) G. Yi, Z. Wu, and M. Sayer, “Preparation of Pb(Zr,Ti)03 thin films by sol gel processing: lectrical, optical, and electro-optic properties.” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 64 (5), p.p. 2717–2724 (1988).
C. J. Chen, Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy,Oxford University Press, New York, p.p. 213–235 (1993).
W. P. Robbins, D. Polla, and D. E. Glumac, “ High-Displacement Piezoelectric Actuator Utilizing a Meander-Line Geometry - Part I: Experimental Characterization.” IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. 38 (5), (1991).
D. Sarid, Scanning Force Microscopy, Oxford University Press, New York, p.p. 55–64 (1991).
M. F. Bocko, K. A. Stephenson, and R. H. Koch, “Vacuum Tunneling Probe: A Nonreciprocal, Reduced-Back-Action Transducer.” Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 61 (6), p.p. 726–729 (1988).
K. Stephenson, M. F. Bocko, and R. H. Koch, “Reduced-Noise Nonreciprocal Transducer Based Upon Vaccum Tunneling.” Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 40 (11), p.p. 6615–6625 (1989).
M. F. Bocko, “The Scanning Tunneling Microscope as a High-Gain, Low-Noise Displacement Sensor.” Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 61 (12), p.p. 3763–3768 (1990).
M. Tabib-Azar, N. Shoemaker, and S. Harris, “Superresolution Characterization of Microwave Conductivity of Semiconductors.” IOP Meas. Science Technology, Vol. 4, p.p. 583–590 (1993).
E. A. Ash, and G. Nicholls, Nature, Vol. 237, p. 510 (1972).
H. H. Woodson, J. R. Melcher, Electromechanical Dynamics Part I: Discrete Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, p.p. 20–28 (1968).
J. Seekircher, B. Hoffmann, and E. Miehlich, “Robust Magnetoelastic Force Sensor Using Amorphous Metal Alloys with Low Magnetic Interference.” Sensors and Actuators A. 25–27, p.p. 25–27 (1991).
Ch. S. Roumenin, `Bipolar Magnetotransistor Sensors. An Invited Review.“ Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 24, pp. 83–105 (1990).
D. Sarid, Scanning Force Microscopy, Oxford University Press, New York, p.p. 158–159 (1991).
A. Chovet, Ch. S. Roumenin, G. Dimopoulos, and N. Mathieu, “Comparison of Noise Properties of Different Magnetic-field Semiconductor Integrated Sensors.” Sensors and Actuators, A21- A23, p.p. 790–794 (1990)
T. Van Duzer, and C. W. Turner, Principles of Superconductive Devices and Circuits, Elsevier, North Holland, p.p. 216–226 (1981).
L. M. Falicov, “Surface, Interface and Thin-Film Magnetizm: An Overview.” Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 231, p.p. 3–13 (1992).
M. Tabib-Azar and D. Polla (Editors), Integrated Optics and Microstructures. Proceeding of OE/Fiber SPIE Confrerence Pub. # 1793 (1993).
C. A. Putman, et al., “A detailed analysis of the optical beam deflection technique for use in atomic force microscopy.” J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 72 (1), p.p. 6–12 (1992).
J. Wilson, and J. F. B. Hawkes, Optoelectronics; An Introduction, second edition, Prentice Hall Int. Ltd, UK, p.p. 239–241 (1989).
S. Alexander, L. Hellemans, O. Marti, J. Schneir, V Elings, and P. K. Hansma, “An atomic-resolution atomic-force microscope implemented using an optical lever.” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 65 (1), p.p. 164–167 (1989).
K. W. Huen, A Novel Integrated Optical Device on Micromachined Silicon, M.S. Thesis, Case Western Reserve Univ., August (1991).
K. E. Burcham, G. N. De Brabander, and J. T. Boyd, “Micromachined Silicon Cantilever Beam Accelerometer Incorporating an Integrated Optical Waveguide.” In: Integrated Optics and Microstructures. M. Tabib-Azar and D. Polla (Editors), Proceeding of OE/Fiber SPIE Confrerence (Pub. # 1793), p.p. 12–18 (1993).
S. Wu and H. J. Frankena, “Integrated Optical Sensors Using Micromechanical Bridges and Cantilevers.” In: Integrated Optics and Microstructures. M. Tabib-Azar and D. Polla (Editors), Proceeding of OE/Fiber SPIE Confrerence (Pub. # 1793), p.p. 83–89 (1993).
D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides, Second Edition, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA (1991).
H. Kogelnik, “Theory of Optical Waveguides.” In: Guided-Wave Optoelectronics, edited by T. Tamir, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 7–87 (1990).
A. Yariv, Quantum electronics, 3rd ed. Wiley and sons, New York (1964).
U. Durig, D. W. Pohl, and F. Rohner, J. Appl. Phys. 59, p.p. 3318 (1986).
R. C. Reddick, R. J. Warmack, D. W. Chilcott, S. L. Sharp, and T. L. Ferrell, “Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.” Rev. Sci. Instrum. Vol. 61 (12), p.p. 3669–3677 (1990).
D. W. Pohl, W. Denk, and M. Lanz, “Optical Stethoscopy: Image Recording with Resolution x,/20.” Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 44 (7), p. 651 (1984)
P. J. Moyer, C. L. Jahncke, M. A. Paesler, R. C. Reddick, and R. J. Warmack, “Spectroscopy in the Evanescent Field with an Analytical Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope.” Physics Letters A, Vol. 145 (6,7), p.p. 343–347 (1990).
W. Lukosz and P. Pliska, “Integrated Optical Interferometer as a Ligth Modulator and Microphone.” Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 25–25, p.p. 25–25 (1991).
W. C. Borland, D. E. Zelmon, C. J. Radens, Jo. T. Boyd, and H. E. Jackson, “Properties of Four-Layers Planar Optical Waveguides Near Cutoff.” IEEE J. Quant. Electr., Vol. QE-23 (7), p.p.1172–1179 (1987).
A. Garcia, Studies on high-sensitivity force and displacement optical sensors, M.S. Thesis, Case Western Reserve Univ., August (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Garcia-Valenzuela, A., Tabib-Azar, M. (1995). Comparison Between Electric, Magnetic, and Optical Sensors. In: Integrated Optics, Microstructures, and Sensors. The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, vol 332. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2273-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2273-7_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-9621-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2273-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive