Abstract
Edible films and coatings are traditionally used to improve food appearance and conservation. The most common examples are wax coatings for fruit (used in China since the 12th century), chocolate coatings for confectionery, lipid films to protect meat products, and soy milk-based lipoprotein films to improve the appearance and preservation of certain foods in Asia.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albrigo, L.G. and Brown, G.E. (1970) Orange peel topography as affected by a preharvest spray. Horticultural Science 5, 470–2.
Allan, C.R. and Hadwiger, L.A. (1979) The fungicidal effect of chitosan on fungi of varying cell wall composition. Exp. Mycol., 3, 285–7.
Allen, L., Nelson, A.I., Steinberg, M.P. and McGill, J.N. (1963a) Edible corn-carbohydrate food coatings. 1. Development and physical testing of a starch-algin coating. Food Technology, 17, 1437–42.
Allen, L., Nelson, A.I., Steinberg, M.P. and McGill, J.N. (1963b) Edible corn-carbohydrate food coatings. 2. Evaluation on fresh meat products. Food Technology, 17, 1442–46.
Anandaraman, S. and Reineccius, G. (1980) Microencapsulation of flavour. F1PP, May, 22–5.
Andres, C. (1984) Natural edible coating has excellent moisture and grease barrier properties. Food Processing, 45, 48.
Archer, R.J. and LaMer, V.K. (1955) The rate of evaporation of water through fatty acid monolayers. J. Phys. Chem., 59, 200–7.
Ashley, R.J. (1985) Permeability and plastics packaging. In: Polymer Permeability, J. Comyn (ed.), Elsevier, London, pp. 269–307.
Avena-Bustillos, R.J., Cisneros-Zevallos, L.A., Krochta, J.M. and Salveit, M.E. (1993) Optimization of edible coatings on minimally processed carrots using response surface methodology. Transactions of the ASAE, 36(3), 801–5.
Avena-Bustillos, R.J. and Krochta, J.M. (1993) Water vapor permeability of caseinate-based edible films as affected by pH, calcium crosslinking and lipid content. Journal of Food Science, 58(4), 904–7.
Avena-Bustillos, R.J., Krochta, J.M., Salveit, M.E., Rojas-Villegas, R.J. and Sauceda-Perez, J.A. (1994) Optimization of edible coating formulations on zucchini to reduce water loss. Journal of Food Engineering, 21(2), 197–214.
Aydt, T.P., Weller, C.L. and Testin, R.F. (1991) Mechanical and barrier properties of edible corn and wheat protein films. Transactions of the ASAE, 34, 207–11.
Bain, J.M. and McBean, D.M. (1967) The structure of the cuticular wax of prune plums and its influence as a water barrier. Australian Journal Biol. Sci., 20, 895–900.
Bakker, M. (1986) The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Banker, G.S. (1966) Film coating, theory and practice. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 55, 81–92.
Banks, N.H. (1983) Evaluation of methods for determining internal gases in banana fruit. Journal of Experimental Botany, 34, 127–34.
Banks, N.H. (1984) Some effects of TAL Pro-Long coating on ripening. Journal of Experimental Botany, 35(150), 127–37.
Barrie, J.A. (1968) Water in polymer. In: Diffusion in Polymers, J. Crank and G.S. Park (eds), Academic Press, New York, p. 259.
Barron, L.F. (1977) The expansion of wafer and its relation to the cracking of chocolate and ‘Bakers Chocolate’ coatings. Journal of Food Technology, 12, 73.
Batzer, H. and Kreibich, U.T. (1981) Influence of water on thermal transitions in natural polymers and synthetic polyamides. Polymer Bulletin, 5, 585.
Biquet, B. and Labuza, T.P. (1988) Evaluation of the moisture permeability characteristics of chocolate films as an edible moisture barrier. Journal of Food Science, 53(4), 989–98.
Blank, M. (1962) In: Retardation of evaporation by monolayers: transport processes, V.K. Lamer (ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 75–9.
Blank, M. (1972) In: Techniques of surface and colloidal chemistry and physics, R.J. Good, R.R. Stromberg and R.L. Patrick (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 41–88.
Bolin, H.R. (1976) Texture and crystallization control in raisins. Journal of Food Science, 41, 1316.
Burton, W.G. (1974) Some biophysical principles underlying the controlled atmosphere storage of plant material. Annals of Applied Biology, 78, 149–68.
Burton, W.G. (1978) Biochemical and physiological effects of modified atmosphere and their role in quality maintenance. In: Postharvest Biology and Technology Westport, H.O. Hulhn and M. Miller (eds), CT, Food Nutrition Press, pp. 97–110.
Brandeburg, A.H., Weller, C.L. and Testin, R.F. (1993) Edible films and coatings from soy protein. Journal of Food Science 58(5), 1086–9.
Brusewitz, G.H. and Singh, R.P. (1985) Natural and applied wax coatings on oranges. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 9, 1–9.
Cameron, A.C. and Reid, S.M. (1982) Diffusive resistance: importance and measurement in controlled atmosphere storage. In: Controlled Atmospheres for Storage and Transport of Perishable Agricultural Commodities, O.R. Beaverton (ed.), Timber Press, pp. 181–92
Chu, C.L. (1985) Poststorage application of TAL Pro-Long on apples from controlled atmosphere storage. HortScience, 21, 267.
Cole, S.M. (1969) Method for coating dehydrated food. US Patent 3479191.
Cosier, H.B. (1957) Methods of producing zein-coated confectionery. US Patent 2791509.
Crank, J. (1975) Non-Fickian diffusion. In: The Mathematics of Diffusion, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Cunningham, F.E. (1979) Shelf-life quality characteristics of poultry parts dipped in potassium sorbate. Journal of Food Science, 44, 863–4.
D’Aubert, S., Politi, P.G. and Simonetti, P. (1980) Potassio sorbato e conservabilita del pollame. Industrie Alimentari, 19(10), 759.
Dhale, L.K. (1983) Two-phase food products with reduced inter-phase moisture transfer. US Patent 4401681.
Dhalla, R. and Hanson, S.W. (1988) Effect of permeable coatings on the storage life of fruits. II. Pro-long treatment of mangoes (Mangifera indica L. cv. Julie). International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 23, 107–12.
Daniels, R. (1973) Edible coatings and soluble packaging, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ.
De Giers, J., Mandersloot, J.G. and Van Deenen, L.L.M. (1968) Lipid composition and permeability of liposomes. Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 150, 166.
De Leiris, J.P. (1985) Water activity and permeability. In: Food Packaging and Preservation: Theorie and Practice, M. Mathlouthi (ed.), Elsevier, Applied Science Publishers, New York, p. 213.
De Savoye, F., Dalle Ore, F., Gontard, N. and Guilbert, S. (1994) Surface Retention of Preservative Agents Using Edible Films and Coatings: Improvement of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Shelf-Life and Quality. International colloque ‘Le froid et la qualité des légumes frais’, 7–9 September, Brest, France.
Debeaufort, F., Martin-Polo, M. and Voilley, A. (1993) Polarity homogeneity and structure affect water vapor permeability of model edible films. Journal of Food Science, 58(2), 426–9.
Donhowe, I.G. and Fennema, O. (1993a) The effects of plasticizers on crystallinity, permeability, and mechanical properties of methylcellulose films. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 17(4), 247–57.
Donhowe, I.G. and Fennema, O. (1993b) Water vapor and oxygen permeability of wax films. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 70(9), 867–73.
Drake, S.R., Fellman, J.K. and Nelson, J.W. (1987) Postharvest use of sucrose polyesters for extending the shelflife of stored ‘golden delicious’ apples. Journal of Food Science, 52(5), 1283–5.
Eaks, I.L. and Ludi, W.A. (1960) Effects of Temperature, Washing and Waxing on the Composition of Internal Atmosphere of Orange Fruits, Proceedings of American Society of Horticulture, 76, 220–8.
Eklund, T. (1983) The antimicrobial effect of dissociated and undissociated sorbic acid at different pH levels. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 54, 383–9.
El Ghaouth, A., Arul, J. and Ponnampalam, R. (1991) Use of chitosan coating to reduce water loss and maintain quality of cucumber and bell pepper fruits. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 15, 359–68.
El Ghaouth, A., Ponnampalam, R. and Arul, J. (1990) The Use of Chitosan Coating to Extend the Storage-Life of Tomato Fruits. 87th Annual Meeting of the American Horticultural Society, Tucson, Arizona, 25, 1086.
Elson, C.M., Hayes, E.R. and Lidster, P.D. (1985) Development of the Differentially Permeable Fruit Coating ‘Nutri-Save’ for the Modified Atmosphere Storage of Fruit. Proceedings of the Fourth National Controlled Atmosphere Research Conference Department of Horticulture, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
Erbil, H.Y. and Muftugil, N. (1986) Lengthening the postharvest life of peaches by coating with hydrophobic emulsions. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 10, 269–79.
Fennema, O., Donhowe, I.G. and Kester, J.J. (1993) Edible films: barriers to moisture migration in frozen foods. Food Australia, 45(11), 521–5.
Fennema, O., Donhowe, I.G. and Kester, J.J. (1994) Lipid type and location of the relative humidity gradient influence on the barrier properties of lipids to water vapor. Journal of Food Engineering, 22, 225–39.
Fettiplace, R. (1978) The influence of the lipid on the water permeability of artificial membranes. Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 513, 1–10.
Fettiplace, R. and Haydon, D.A. (1980) Water permeability of lipid membranes. Physiological Review, 60, 510–50.
Feuge, R.O. (1970) Moisture transmission through fats. In: Twenty Years of Confectionery and Chocolate Progress, CD. Pratt, E. de Vadetzky, K.E. Langwill, K.E. McCloskey and H.W. Schueman (eds), AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, CT, USA.
Forkner, J.H. (1958) Jelled material in food preservation. US Patent 2821477.
Gennadios, A., Weller, C.L. and Testin, R.F. (1990) Modification of Properties of Edible Wheat Gluten Films. Paper No. 90-6504, presented at the International Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, December, Chicago, III.
Gennadios, A., Weller, C.L. and Testin, R.F. (1993a) Modification of physical and barrier properties of edible wheat gluten-based films. Cereal Chemistry, 70(4), 426–9.
Gennadios, A., Weller, C.L. and Testin, R.F. (1993b) Temperature effect on oxygen permeability of edible protein-based films. Journal of Food Science, 58(1), 1993.
Giannakopoulos, A. and Guilbert, S. (1986a) Determination of sorbic acid diffusivity in model food gels. Journal of Food Technology, 21, 339–53.
Giannakopoulos, A. and Guilbert, S. (1986b) Sorbic acid diffusivity in relation to the composition of high and intermediate moisture model gels and foods. Journal of Food Technology, 21, 447–85.
Gill, C.O. (1979) A review. Intrinsic bacteria in meat. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 47, 367.
Gontard, N. (1991) Films et Enrobages Comestibles: Étude et Amélioration des Propriétés Filmogènes du Gluten. PhD Thesis, Université des Sciences de Montpellier, II, France.
Gontard, N., Duchez, C., Cuq, J.L. and Guilbert, S. (1994a) Edible composite films of wheat gluten and lipids: water vapour permeability and other physical properties. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 29, 39–50.
Gontard, N., Guilbert, S. and Cuq, J.L. (1992) Edible wheat gluten films: influence of the main process variables on film properties using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Science, 57(1), 190–5.
Gontard, N., Guilbert, S. and Cuq, J.L. (1993) Water and glycerol as plasticizers affect mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of an edible wheat gluten film. Journal of Food Science, 58(1), 206–11.
Gontard, N., Thibaut, R., Cuq, B. and Guilbert, S. (1994b) Oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability of edible and biodegradable packaging: influence of relative humidity and film composition. Journal of Food Science; Submitted.
Greener, I.K. and Fennema, O. (1989a) Barrier properties and surface characteristics of edible, bilayer films. Journal of Food Science, 54(6), 1393–9.
Greener, I. and Fennema, O. (1989b) Evaluation of edible, bilayer films for use as moisture barriers for food. Journal of Food Science, 55, 1400–6.
Greer, G.G. (1981) A research note: Mechanism of beef shelf life extension by sorbate. Journal of Food Protection, 45, 82–6.
Grouber, B. (1983) Les gélatines: propriétés, contrôles, principales applications. LaboPharma — Problèmes et Techniques, 337, 909–16.
Guilbert, S. (1984) Additifs et agents dépresseurs de l’activité de l’eau. In: Additifs et Auxiliaires de Fabrication dans les Industries Alimentaires, J.L. Multon (ed.), Tech, et Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, pp. 199–227.
Guilbert, S. (1985) Effet de la Composition et de la Structure des Aliments sur l’Activité et la Mobilité de l’Eau ou de Solutés. PhD Thesis, Université des Sciences de Montpellier, II, France.
Guilbert, S. (1986) Technology and application of edible protective films. In: Food packaging and preservation, M. Mathlouthi (ed.), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York, pp. 371–94.
Guilbert, S. (1988) Use of superficial edible layer to protect intermediate moisture foods: application to the protection of tropical fruit dehydrated by osmosis. In: Food Preservation by Moisture Control, C.C. Seow, T.T. Teng and C.H. Quah (eds), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., pp. 199–219.
Guilbert, S. (1994) Edible coatings and osmotic dehydration. In: Food Preservation by Combined Processes. Final Report FLAIR Concerted Action No. 7, Subgroup B.
Guilbert, S. and Biquet, B. (1989) Les films et enrobages comestibles. In: L’emballage des Denrées Alimentaires de Grande Consommation, G. Bureau and J.J. Multon (eds), Tech, et Doc, Lavoisier, APRIA, Paris, pp. 320–59.
Guilbert, S., Giannakopoulos, A. and Cheftel, J.C. (1985) Diffusivity of sorbic acid in food gels at high and intermediate water activities. In: Properties of Water in Foods in Relation to Quality and Stability, D. Simatos and J.J. Multon (eds), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, p. 343.
Guilbert, S., Gontard, N. and Raoult-Wack, A.L. (1995) Superficial edible films and osmotic dehydration: Application of hurdle technology without affecting the food integrity. To be published in Food Preservation by Moisture Control, J. Welti-Chanes (ed), Technomin Publishing, CO, USA.
Guilbert, S. and Graille, J. (1994) Biomatériaux et molécules fonctionnelles. Acta of ‘Ler Colloque National sur les Valorisations Non Alimentaires des Grandes Productions Agricoles’, 18–19 Mai, Nantes, France, Collection ‘Les colloques de l’INRA’, Paris.
Hagenmaier, R.D. and Shaw, P.E. (1990) Moisture permeability of edible films made with fatty acid and (hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38, 1799–803.
Hall, D.M. (1966) A study of the surface wax deposits on apple fruit. Australian Journal of Biol Science, 19, 1017–25.
Hall, D.M. (1981) Innovations in citrus waxing — an overview. Proceedings Florida State Horticultural Society, 94, 258–63.
Heiss, R. (1968) ‘Haltbarkeit und sorptionverhalten wasserarmer lebensmittel’, Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Hoseney, R.C., Zeleznak, K. and Lai, CS. (1986) Wheat gluten: a glassy polymer. Cereal Chemistry, 63, 285.
Higuchi, T. and Aguiar, A. (1959) A study of permeability to water vapor of fats, waxes, and other enteric coating materials. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 48(10), 578–83.
Hirano, S. and Nagao, N. (1989) Effect of chitosan, pectic acid, lysozyme and chitinase on the growth of several phytopathogens. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 53 3065–6.
Jain, M.K. (1972) The Biomolecular Lipid Membrane: a System, Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Jokay, L., Nelson, G.E. and Powell, E.L. (1967) Development of edible amylaceous coatings for foods. Food Technology, 21, 1064.
Kakivaya, S.R. and Hoeve, C.A. (1975) The glass point of elastin. Proc. Nat. Acad. Science, 72(9), 3505.
Kamper, S.L. and Fennema, O. (1984a) Water vapor permeability of an edible, fatty acid, bilayer film. Journal of Food Science, 49(6), 1482–5.
Kamper, S.L. and Fennema, O. (1984b) Water vapor permeability of edible bilayer films. Journal of Food Science, 49(6), 1478–81.
Kamper, S.L. and Fennema, O. (1985) Use of an edible film to maintain water vapor gradients in foods. Journal of Food Science, 50, 382–4.
Kaplan, H.J. (1986) Washing, waxing, and color-adding. In: Fresh Citrus Fruits, W.F. Wardoski, S. Nagy and W. Grierson (eds), The AVI Publishing Company, Westport, CT, p. 379.
Karel, M. (1976) Technology and application of new intermediate moisture foods. In: Intermediate Moisture Foods, R. Davies, G.G. Birch and K.J. Parker (eds), Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, p. 4.
Katz, E.E. and Labuza, T.P. (1981) Effect of water activity on the sensory crispness and mechanical deformation of snack food products. Journal of Food Science, 45, 403.
Kempf, N.W. (1967) The conching process - tests on the moisture barrier properties of coatings. Manuf. Confec., 47(7), 38.
Kester, J.J. and Fennema, O. (1986) Edible films and coatings: A review. Food Technology, 40(12), 47–59.
Kester, J.J. and Fennema, O. (1989a) An edible film of lipid and cellulose ethers: barrier properties to moisture vapor transmission and structural evaluation. Journal of Food Science, 54(6), 1383–9.
Kester, J.J. and Fennema, O. (1989b) Resistance of lipid films to water vapor transmission. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 66(8), 1139–46.
Kester, J.J. and Fennema, O. (1989c) Tempering influence on oxygen and water vapor transmission through a stearyl alcohol film. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 66(7), 1154–7.
Kester, J.J. and Fennema, O. (1989d) An edible film of lipids and cellulose ethers: performance in a model frozen-food system. Journal of Food Science, 54, 1390–2.
Klose, A., Mecchi, E.P. and Hanson, H.L. (1952) Use of antioxidants in the frozen storage of turkeys. Food Technology, 6, 308–15.
Kochnar, S.P. and Rossell, J.B. (1982) A vegetable oiling agent for dried fruits. Food Technology, 17, 661.
Kroger, M. and Igoe, R.S. (1971) Edible containers. Food Product Development, November, 74–9.
Kumins, C.A. (1965) Transport through polymer films. Journal of Polymer Science, Part C, 10, 1–9.
Labuza, T.P. (1985) An integrated approach to food chemistry: Illustrative cases. In: Food Chemistry, R.O. Fennema (ed.) Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, p. 913.
Landman, W., Lovegren, N.V. and Feuge, R.O. (1960) Permeability of some fat products to moisture. Journal of the American Oil Chemist’ Society, 37, 1–4.
Lefaux, R. (1971) Perméabilité des matières plastiques aux gaz et aux vapeurs organiques: applications dans les domaines pharmaceutiques. LaboPharma — Problèmes et Techniques, 203, 55–62.
Lidster, P.D. (1981) Some effects of emulsifiable coatings on weight loss, stem discoloration, and surface damage disorders in ‘Van’ sweet cherries. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Science, 106, 478.
Lowe, E., Durkee, E.L., Hamilton, W.E., Watter, G.G. and Morgan, A.I. (1963) Continuous raisin coater. Food Technology, 11, 109.
Lowings, P.H. and Cutts, D.F. (1982) The preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables. Proceedings Institute Food Sciences and Technology Annual Symposium, July, Nottingham, UK, pp. 52–67.
Lueck, E. (1984) Sorbinsaeure und sorbate. Fleischwirtsch, 64, 727.
Mannheim, C. and Passy, N. (1985) Choice of packages for foods with specific considerations of water activity. In: Properties of Water in Foods, D. Simatos and J.L. Multon (eds), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 375–92.
Marshall, A.S. and Pétrie, S.E. (1980) Thermal transition in gelatin and aqueous gelatin solutions. Journal Photogr. Science, 28, 128.
Marston, P.E. (1983) Moisture content and migration in bread incorporation dried fruit. Food Technology (Australia), 35(10), 463.
Martin-Polo, M., Mauguin, C. and Voilley, A. (1992) Hydrophobic films and their efficiency against moisture transfer. Influence of film preparation techniques. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 407–12.
Maxcy, R.B. (1981) Surface microenvironment and penetration of bacteria into meat. Journal of Food Protection, 44, 550.
McElhaney, R.N., De Gier, J. and Van Deenen, L.L.M. (1970) The effect of alterations in fatty acid composition and cholesterol content on the permeability of Mycoplasma laidlawii B cells and derived liposomes. Preliminary Notes, Biochemistry and Biophysical Acta, 219, 245.
Motlagh, H.F. and Quantick, P. (1988) Effect of permeable coatings on the storage life of fruits. I. Pro-Long treatment of limes (Citrus auratifolia cv. Persian). International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 23, 99–105.
Murray, D.G., Mardtta, N.G. and Boettger, R.M. (1972) Amylose coating for deep fried potatoes. US Patent Reissue, 27, 531.
Myers, A.W., Meyer, J.A., Rogers, CE., Stannett, V. and Szwarc, M. (1961) Studies in the gas and vapor permeability of plastic films and coated papers. The permeation of water vapor. TAPPI, 45, 58.
Niediek, E.A. (1981) Problems of exchange reactions during conching (II). CCB Rev. Chocolate Confect. Bakery, 6(2), 17.
Olson, V.M., Swaminathan, B., Pratt, D.E. and Stadelman, W.J. (1981) Marketing and products. Effect of five cycle rapid freeze-thaw treatment in conjunction with various chemicals for the reduction of Salmonella typhemurium. Poultry Science, 60, 1822.
Pascat, B. (1985) Study of some factors affecting permeability. In: Food Packaging and Preservation, M. Mathlouthi (ed.), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York, pp. 7–24.
Park, H.J. and Chinnan, M.S. (1990) Properties of Edible Coatings for Fruits and Vegetables. Paper No. 90–6510 presented at the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI.
Park, HJ., Weller, CL., Vergano, P.J. and Testin, R.F. (1993) Permeability and mechanical properties of cellulose based edible films. Journal of Food Science, 58(6), 1361–4.
Pavlath, A.E., Wond, D.S.W. and Kumosinski, T.F. (1993) New coatings for cut fruits and vegetables. Chemistry Technology, February, 36–40.
Poyet, J. (1993) Les Polymères ‘Barrières’. Presented at the Congrès SAGE, ‘L’Alimentanté dans les Matières Plastiques et les Caoutchoucs’, 1 et 2 Avril, Paris, France.
Rico-Pena, D.C. and Torres, J.A. (1990) Edible methylcellulose-based films as moisture-impermeable barriers in sundae ice cream cones. Journal of Food Science, 55(5), 1990.
Rico-Pena, D.C. and Torres, J.A. (1991) Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate permeability of an edible methylcellulose-palmitic acid film: water activity and pH effects. Journal of Food Science, 56(2), 1991.
Rigg, W.J. (1979) Measurement of permeability of chilled meat packaging film under conditions of high humidity. Journal of Food Technology, 14, 149–55.
Robach, M.C. (1979) Extension shelf life of fresh, whole broilers, using a potassium sorbate dip. Journal of Food Protection, 42, 855.
Robach, M.C. and Ivey, F.J. (1978) Antimicrobial efficacy of a potassium sorbate dip on freshly processed poultry. Journal of Food Protection, 41(4), 284–8.
Robach, M.C. and Sofos, J.N. (1982) Use of sorbates in meat products, fresh poultry and poultry products: A review. Journal of Food Protection, 45(4), 374–83.
Salame, M. (1986) Barrier polymers. In: The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, M. Bakker (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 48–54.
Scandola, M., Cecorulli, G. and Pizzoli, M. (1981) Water clusters in elastin. Internat. J. Bio. Macromol., 3, 147.
Schultz, T.H., Miers, J.C., Owens, H.S. and Maclay, W.D. (1949) Permeability of pectinate films to water vapour. J. Phys. Colloid Chem., 53, 1320–30.
Schwartzberg, H.G. (1985) Modelling of gas and vapor transport through hydrophilic films. In: Food Packaging and Preservation, M. Mathlouthi (ed.), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York, pp. 115–35.
Slade, L. (1984) Starch Properties in Processed Foods: Staling of Starch-Based Products. Paper No. 112, presented at 69th Annual Meeting of American Association of Cereal Chemists, Washington, D.C.
Slade, L., Levine, H. and Finlay, J.W. (1989) Protein-water interactions: water as a plasticizer of gluten and other protein polymers. In: Protein Quality and the Effects of Processing, R.D. Phillips and J.W. Finlay (eds), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, p. 9.
Smith, S.M., Geeson, J. and Stow, J. (1987) Production of modified atmosphere in deciduous fruits by the use of films and coatings. HortScience, 22(5), 772–6.
Smith, S.M. and Stow, J.R. (1984) The potential of a sucrose ester coating material for improving the storage and shelf-life qualities of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apples. Ann. Appl. Biol, 104, 383.
Soboleva, M.I. and Chizhikova, O.G. (1978) Protective properties of chocolate coatings (Russian). Khlebopekarnaya i Konditerskaya Promyshlemost, 4, 38.
Stössel, P. and Leuba, J.L. (1984) Effect of chitosan, chitin and some aminosugars on growth of various soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. Phytopath. Z., 111, 82–90.
Swenson, H.A., Miers, J.C., Schultz, T.H. and Owens, H.S. (1953) Pectinate and pectate coatings. II. Application to nuts and fruit products. Food Technology, 7, 232–5.
Taylor, C.C. (1986) Cellophane. In: The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, M. Bakker (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 159–63.
Taylor, A.R., Roubal, W.T. and Varanasi, V. (1975) Effects of structural variation in ß-monoglycerides and other lipids on ordering in synthetic membranes. Lipids, 10, 535–41.
Tiemstra, P.J. and Tiemstra, J.P. (1974) Moisture transmission through peanut oil films. Peanut Science, 1(2), 47.
To, E.C. and Robach, M.C. (1980) Potassium sorbate dip as a method of extending shelf life and inhibiting the growth of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus on fresh, whole broilers. Poultry Science, 59, 726.
Torres, J.A. (1987) Microbial stabilization of intermediate moisture food surfaces. In: Water Activity: Theory and Applications to Food, L.B. Rockland and L.R. Beuchat (eds), Marcel Decker, Inc., New York, pp. 329.
Torres, J.A., Bouzas, J.O. and Karel, M. (1985a) Microbial stabilization of intermediate moisture food surfaces. II. Control of surface pH. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 9, 93–106.
Torres, J.A. and Karel, M. (1985) Microbial stabilization of intermediate moisture food surfaces. III. Effects of surface preservative concentration and surface pH control on microbial stability of an intermediate moisture cheese analog. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 9, 107–19.
Torres, J.A., Motoki, M. and Karel, M. (1985b) Microbial stabilization of intermediate moisture food surfaces. I. Control of surface preservative concentration. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 9, 75–92.
Trout, S.A., Hall, E.G. and Skyes, S.M. (1953) Effects of skin coatings on the behavior of apples in storage. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 57–81.
Tryhnew, L.J., Gunaratne, K.W.B, and Spencer, J.V. (1973) Effect of selected coating materials on the bacterial penetration of the avian egg shell. Journal of Milk, Food Technology, 36(5), 272–5.
Ukai, N., Ishibashi, S., Tsutsumi, T. and Marakami, K. (1976) US Patent 3997674.
Vitkov, M. (1973) Hygienic studies on the production of poultry meat. II. On the superficial contamination of poultry meat. Veteranarnomeditsinski Nauki, 10(9), 55.
Vitkov, M. (1974) Hygienic studies on the production of poultry meat. II. On the presence of salmonellae. Veteranarnomeditsinski Nauki, 11(1), 17.
Vojdani, F. and Torres, J.A. (1989a) Potassium sorbate permeability of methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose multi-layer films. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 13, 417–30.
Vojdani, F. and Torres, J.A. (1989b) Potassium sorbate permeability of polysaccharide films: chitosan, methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 12, 33–48.
Vojdani, F. and Torres, J.A. (1990) Potassium sorbate permeability of methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose coatings: effect of fatty acids. Journal of Food Science, 55(3), 841–6.
Watters, G.G. and Brekke, J.E. (1961) Stabilized raisins for dry cereal products. Food Technology, 5, 236–8.
Williams, S.K., Oblinger, J.L. and West, R.L. (1978) Evaluation of a calcium alginate film for use on beef cuts. Journal of Food Science, 43, 292–6.
Yannas, I.V. (1972) Collagen and gelatin in the solid state. J. Macromol. Sei. — Revs. Macromol. Chem., 7, 49.
Zamora, M.C. and Zaritzky, N.E. (1987a) Antimicrobial activity of undissociated sorbic acid in vacuum packaged beef. Journal of Food Science, 52(6), 1449–53.
Zamora, M.C. and Zaritzky, N.E. (1987b) Potassium sorbate inhibition of microorganisms growing on refrigerated packaged beef. Journal of Food Science, 52(2), 257–62.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cuq, B., Gontard, N., Guilbert, S. (1995). Edible films and coatings as active layers. In: Rooney, M.L. (eds) Active Food Packaging. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2175-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2175-4_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5910-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2175-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive