Summary
Interesterification involves the exchange and redistribution of acyl groups among triglycerides and can be divided into three groups according to the reaction type: acidolysis, alcoholysis and ester interchange. Interesterification can be done chemically or enzymatically.
The raw material for chemical interesterification has to satisfy different quality criteria depending upon the catalyst used. Two important types of interesterification are used. By random interesterification with a catalyst the acyl groups are redistributed until a random equilibrium is achieved. The specific glyceride distribution of milkfat (asymmetric) offers an opportunity for modifying milkfat by randomization. A uniform distribution or a rearrangement of fatty acids is pursued. By removing part of the fatty acids or triglycerides from the reaction mixture the equilibrium in the liquid phase is disturbed and by continuing the reaction a new equilibrium is formed in the directed interesterification. Directed interesterification brings about greater changes than random interesterification. Physical properties are affected by the content of side reaction products and must be removed by deodorization by which the typical milkfat flavour is destroyed.
The enzymes used as catalysts are extracellular microbial lipases and catalyse the hydrolysis of fats. The reaction is reversible. One of the advantages of enzymes is their specificity. Lipases show several types of specificity (substrate, positional, fatty acid and stereospecificity). Nonspecific lipases produce triglycerides that are similar to those obtained by chemical interesterification. By using specific lipases it is possible to produce triglyceride mixtures which are unobtainable by chemical interesterification. Lipase catalysed interesterification produces side reactions but recent research suggests that in the future side product formation can be controlled by using suitable media. The production costs are higher due to the enzymes.
Chemical interesterification is used industrially to produce fats and oils used in margarines, shortenings and confectionery fats.
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Huyghebaert, A., Verhaeghe, D., De Moor, H. (1994). Fat Products Using Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification. In: Moran, D.P.J., Rajah, K.K. (eds) Fats in Food Products. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2121-1_9
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