Abstract
The cause of most (as much as 70%) of the congenital malformations in man is not known (Wilson, 1977). There is increasing evidence and concern that male-mediated effects on development have a major importance in adverse pregnancy outcome (this conference; Robaire et al., 1985; Robaire and Hales, 1993). The contribution of the father to chemically-mediated adverse progeny outcome may be subdivided into three categories based on the site of action of the chemical in the male reproductive tract. The first category is that of direct exposure of the fertilized egg, blastocyst, embryo or fetus to drugs, or their metabolites, which are present in semen. The second category focuses on changes in spermatozoa after they leave the testis, i.e. changes that may take place in spermatozoa in the excurrent duct system or at the time secretions from the sex accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland) are mixed with spermatozoa during ejaculation. The final category is that of drugs directly affecting spermatozoa as they are being synthesized in the seminiferous tubules. This last category is dealt with in detail in another chapter in this volume (Hales and Robaire, 1994).
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Robaire, B., Hales, B.F. (1994). Post-Testicular Mechanisms of Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity. In: Olshan, A.F., Mattison, D.R. (eds) Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity. Reproductive Biology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1877-8_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1877-8_9
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