Abstract
Combustion of energetic solids is the basis of rocket propulsion for space exploration and military technologies. Accurate models of combustion that contain chemical and fluid-mechanical details are greatly needed because atmospheric contamination and cost considerations limit ground-based testing. International disarmament treaties mandate disposal of stockpiled energetic materials. However, conventional disposal methods, such as open-pit burning and detonation, are increasingly restricted by environmental regulations. Description of the gaseous emission products frequently must be given before combustion is authorized. Manipulation of the combustion process may be necessary. Hence, combustion processes must be understood and predicted with ever greater accuracy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bann, B., and Miller, S. A., 1958, Melamine and derivatives of melamine, Chem. Rev. 58:131–172.
Bedford, G., and Thomas, J. H., 1972, Reaction between ammonia and nitrogen dioxide, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.l, 1972:2163–2170.
Behrens, R., 1987, Simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectroscopy and time-offlight velocity spectra measurements: Thermal decomposition mechanisms of RDX and HMX, in Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication, Vol. 476, Part I, pp. 333–342.
Behrens, R., 1990, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials: Temporal behaviors of the rates of formation of the gaseous pyrolysis products of the condensed-phase decomposition of HMX, J. Phys. Chem. 94:6706–6718.
Brill, T. B., 1992, Connecting the chemical composition of a material to its combustion characteristics, Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 18:91–116.
Brill, T. B., and Brush, P. J., 1992, Condensed phase chemistry of explosives and propellants at high temperature: HMX, RDX and BAMO, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser.A 339:377–385.
Brill, T. B., and Oyumi, Y., 1986a, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 10. A relationships of molecular structure and vibrations to decomposition: Polynitro-3,3,7,7-tetrakis(trifluoro-methyl)-2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes, J. Phys. Chem. 90:2679–2682.
Brill, T. B., and Oyumi, Y., 1986b, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 17. A relationship of molecular composition to HONO formation: Bicyclo and spiro tetranitramines, J. Phys. Chem. 90:6848–6853.
Brill, T. B., Karpowicz, R. J., Haller, T. M., and Rheingold, A. L., 1984, A structural and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization of the thermal decomposition of 1-(azidomethyl)-3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane, J. Phys. Chem. 88:4138–4143.
Brill, T. G., Brush, P J., James, K. J., Shepherd, J. E., and Pfeiffer, K. J., 1992a, T-Jump/FTIR spectroscopy: A new entry into the rapid, isothermal pyrolysis chemistry of solids and liquids, Appl. Spectrosc. 46:900–911.
Brill, T. B., Brush, P. J., Patil, D. G., and Chen, J. K., 1992b, Chemical pathways at a burning surface, in Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1907–1914, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh.
Brill, T. B., Brush, P. J., and Patil, D. G., 1993a, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 58. Chemistry of ammonium nitrate and ammonium dinitramide near the burning surface temperature, Combust. Flame 92:178–186.
Brill, T. B., Patil, D. G., Lengellé, G., and Duterque, J. R., 1993b, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 63. Surface reaction zone chemistry of simulated 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC or TNDA) compared to RDX, Combust. Flame 95:183–190.
Bulusu, S., Weinstein, D. I., Autera, J. R., and Velicky, R. W, 1986, Deuterium kinetic isotope effect in the thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane: Its use as an experimental probe for their shock-induced chemistry, J. Phys. Chem. 90:4121–4126.
Cosgrove, J. D., and Owen, A. J., 1974, The thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitro hexahydro-1,3,5triazine (RDX)—part II: Effects of the products, Combust. Flame 22:19–22.
Cronin, J. T., and Brill, T. B., 1987, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 26. Simultaneous temperature measurements of the condensed phase and rapid-scan FTIR spectroscopy of the gas phase at high heating rates, Appl. Spectrosc. 41:1147–1151.
Cronin, J. T., and Brill, T. B., 1988, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 29. The fast thermal decomposition characteristics of a multicomponent material: Liquid gun propellant 1845, Combust. Flame 74:81–89.
Federoff, B. T. (ed.), 1960, Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, Vol. 1, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, New Jersey, p. A3111.
Fetherolf, B. L., and Litzinger, T A., 1992, Penn State University, personal communication.
Gao, A., Oyumi, Y., and Brill, T. B., 1991, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 49. Thermolysis routes of mono-and diaminotetrazoles, Combust. Flame 83:345–352.
Kaiser, R., 1935, The explosiveness of ammonium nitrate, Angew. Chem. 48:149–150.
Karpowicz, R. J., and Brill, T. B., 1984, In situ characterization of the melt phase of RDX and HMX by rapid-scan FTIR spectroscopy, Combust. Flame 56:317–325.
Kimura, J., and Kubota, N., 1980, Thermal decomposition of HMX, Prop. Explos. 5:1–8.
Lee, P. R., and Back, M. H., 1988, Kinetic studies of the thermal decomposition of nitroguanidine using accelerating rate calorimetry, Thermochim. Acta 127:89–100.
Melius, C. F., and Binkley, J. S., 1986, Thermochemistry of decomposition of nitramines in the gas phase, in Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1953–1963, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh.
Melius, C. F., Bergan, N. E., and Shepherd, J. E., 1991, Effects of water on combustion kinetics at high pressure, in Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 217–223, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh.
Oyumi, Y., and Brill, T. B., 1985a, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 3. A high-rate, in situ, FTIR study of the thermolysis of HMX and RDX with pressure and heating rate as variable, Combust. Flame 62:213–224.
Oyumi, Y., and Brill, T. B., 1985b, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 4. High-rate, in situ, thermolysis of four, six, and eight membered, oxygen-rich, gem-dinitroalkyl cyclic nitramines, TNAZ, DNNC and HNDZ, Combust. Flame 62:225–231.
Oyumi, Y., and Brill, T B., 1988, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 28. Predictions and results for nitramines of Bis-imidazolidinedione: DINGU, TNGU and TDCD, Prop. Explos. Pyrotech. 13:69–73.
Oyumi, Y., Brill, T B., and Rheingold, A. L., 1985, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 7. High-rate FTIR studies and the structure of 1,1,1,3,6,8,8,8-Octanitro-3,6-diazaoctane, J. Phys. Chem. 89:4824–4828.
Oyumi, Y., Brill, T. B., and Rheingold, A. L., 1986a, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 9. Polymorphism, crystal structures and thermal decomposition of polynitroazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, J. Phys. Chem. 90:2526–2533.
Oyumi, Y., Rheingold, A. L., and Brill, T. B., 1986b, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 16. Solid-phase structural analysis and the thermolysis of 1,4-dinitrofurazano[3,4-b]piperazine, J. Phys. Chem. 90:4686–4690.
Oyumi, Y., Rheingold, A. L., and Brill, T. B., 1987a, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 18. Bis(cyanomethyl)nitramine and bis(cyanoethyl)nitramine, Prop. Explos. Pyrotech. 12:1–7.
Oyumi, Y., Rheingold, A. L., and Brill, T. B., 1987b, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 19. Unusual condensed phase and thermolysis properties of a mixed azidomethyl ntramine: 1,7Diazido-2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triazaheptane, J. Phys. Chem. 91:920–925.
Oyumi, Y., Brill, T. B., and Rheingold, A. L., 1987c, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 20. A comparison of the structure properties and thermal reactivity of an acyclic and cyclic tetramethylenetetranitramine pair, Thermochim. Acta 114:209–225.
Palopoli, S. F., and Brill, T. B., 1991, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 52. On the foam zone and surface chemistry of rapidly decomposing HMX, Combust. Flame 87:45–60.
Rosser, W. A., and Wise, H., 1956, Gas phase oxidation of ammonia by nitrogen dioxide, J. Chem Phys. 25:1078–1079.
Schwartz, W. W, Askins, R. E., and Flanigan, D. A., 1984, Nitramine Combustion, Report AFRPL TR-84–012, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Edwards AFB, California, April. Shackelford, S. A., 1987, In situ determination of exothermic transient phenomena: Isotopic labeling studies, J. Phys. 48 (C4):193–207.
Shackelford, S. A., Coolidge, M. B., Goshgarian, B. B., Loving, B. A., Rogers, R. N., Janney, J. L., and Ebinger, M. H., 1985, Deuterium isotope effects in condensed-phase thermochemical decomposition reactions of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, J. Phys. Chem. 89:3118–3126.
Shaw, R., and Walker, F. E., 1977, Estimated kinetics and thermochemistry of some initial unimolecular reactions in the thermal decomposition of 1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane in the gas phase, J. Phys. Chem. 81:2572–2576.
Shepherd, J. E., and Brill, T. B., 1993, Interpretation of time-to-explosion tests, in Tenth International Symposium on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, in press.
Stals, J., and Pitt, M. J., 1975, Investigations of the thermal stability of nitroguanidine below its melting point, Aust. J. Chem. 28:2629–2640.
Stoner, C. E, and Brill, T. B., 1991, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 46. The formation of melamine-like cyclic azines as a mechanism for ballistic modification of composite propellants by DCD, DAG and DAF, Combust. Flame 83:302–308.
Swett, M., 1992, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California, personal communication.
Volk, E, 1985, Determination of gaseous and solid decomposition products of nitroguanidine, Prop. Explos. Pyrotech. 10:139–146.
Whittaker, A. G., and Barham, D. C., 1964, Surface temperature measurements on burning solids, J. Phys. Chem. 68:196–199.
Williams, G. F., Palopoli, S. F, and Brill, T. B., 1994, Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 66. Thermal conversion of insensitive explosives and related compounds to polymeric cyclic azine flame retardants, Combust. Flame 98:197–204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brill, T.B. (1995). Chemistry of a Burning Propellant Surface. In: Hargittai, I., Vidóczy, T. (eds) Combustion Efficiency and Air Quality. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1827-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1827-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5739-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1827-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive