Abstract
The environmental sciences of ecology, limnology, and oceanography are relatively young. Until recently, emphasis has been placed on short-term inquiry into structure and function of physical, chemical, and biotic entities and processes. Relatively few studies have been sustained longer than 10 years, but the exceptions have revealed a seemingly ever-increasing range of system behaviors, associated with cascades of time scales.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allee, W. C., A. E. Emerson, O. Park, T. Park, and K. P. Schmidt. 1949. Principles of Animal Ecology. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Altman, P. L., and D. S. Ditmer. 1962. Growth Including Reproduction and Morphological Development. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Washington, D.C.
AriƱo, A. H., and S. L. Pimm. Submitted. On the nature of population extremes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Backus, R. H., and D. W. Bourne (eds.). 1987. Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Bartholomew, J. C., J. H. Christie, A. Ewington, P. J. M. Geelan, H. A. G. Lewis, P. Middleton, and B. Winkleman (eds.), 1985. The Times Atlas of the World. Times Books Limited, London.
Bonner, J. T. 1965. Size and Cycle, an Essay on the Structure of Biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Bulmer, M. G. 1975. The statistical analysis of density dependence. Biometrics 31:901ā911.
Caras, R. A. 1967. North American Mammals: Fur-Bearing Animals of the United States and Canada. Meredith Press, New York.
Carlisle, A., and A. H. F. Brown. 1968. Biological flora of the British Isles. Pinus sylvestris L. Journal of Ecology 56:269ā307.
Cashen, R. O. 1947. The influence of rainfall on the yield and botanical composition of permanent grass at Rothamsted. Journal of Agricultural Science 37:1ā10.
Champ, M. A., D. A. Wolfe, D. A. Flemer, and A. J. Mearns. 1987. Long-term biological data sets: Their role in research, monitoring, and management of estuarine and coastal marine systems. Estuaries 10:181ā193.
Chinery, M. 1989. Butterflies and Day-Flying Moths of Britain and Europe. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Cloern, J. E., and F. H. Nichols. 1985. Time scales and mechanisms of estuarine variabil- ity, a synthesis from studies of San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia 129:229ā237.
Corbet, G. B., and S. Harris (eds.). 1991. The Handbook of British Mammals. Third edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, U.K.
del Hoyo, J., A. Elliot, and J. Sargatel. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume I. Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Editions, Barcelona, Spain.
den Boer, P. J., and J. Reddingius. 1989. On the stabilization of animal numbers. Problems of testing. 1. Power estimates and estimation errors. Oecologia 78:1ā8.
Denman, K. L., and T. M. Powell. 1984. Effects of physical processes on planktonic ecosystems in the coastal ocean. Oceanography and Marine BiologyāAn Annual Review 22:125ā168.
Deuel, D., D. McDaniel, and S. Taub. 1989. Atlantic Coastal Striped Bass: Road to Recovery. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.
Dodd, J. J. 1987. The Illustrated Flora of IllinoisāDiatoms. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL.
Dunning, J. B., B. J. Danielson, and H. R. Pulliam. 1992. Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes. Oikos 65(1):169ā175.
Eckmann, R., U. Gaedke, and H. J. Wetzlar. 1988. Effects of climatic and density dependent factors on year-class strength of Coregonus lavaretus in Lake Constance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 45:1088ā1093.
Elton, C., and M. Nicholson. 1942. The ten-year cycle in numbers of the lynx in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 11:215ā244.
Eppley, R. W. 1977. āThe Growth and Culture of Diatoms.ā In D. Werner (ed.), Biological MonographsāVol. 13. The Biology of Diatoms. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Flint, R. W. 1985. Long-term estuarine variability and associated biological response. Estuaries 8:158ā169.
Flocas, A. A., and A. Arseni-Papadimitriou. 1974. On the annual variation of air temperature in Thessaloniki. Science Annals, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, University of Thessaloniki 14:129ā149.
Franklin, J. F., C. S. Bledsoe, and J. T. Callahan. 1990. Contributions of the long-term ecological research program. BioScience 40:509ā523.
Fuller, W. A. 1976. Introduction to Statistical Time Series. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Gear, A. J., and B. Huntley. 1991. Rapid changes in the range limits of Scots Pine 4000 years ago. Science 251:544ā546.
Glover, R. S. 1967. The continuous plankton recorder survey of the North Atlantic. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 1967(19):189ā210.
Grossblatt, N. (ed.). 1993. Report of the Committee on Environmental ResearchāExecutive Summary. Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Grzimek, B. (ed.). 1975. Grzimekās Animal Life Encyclopedia. Volume 11 (Mammals II). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Gudmundsson, F. 1979. The past status and exploitation of the Myvatn waterfowl populations. Oikos 32:232ā249.
Hagner, S. 1965. Cone crop fluctuations in Scots Pine and Norway spruce. Studia Forest-alia Suecica 33:3ā21.
Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, New York.
Hassell, M. P., J. Latto, and R. M. May. 1989. Seeing the wood for the trees: Detecting density dependence from existing life-tables studies. Journal of Animal Ecology 58:883ā892.
Haury, L. R., J. A. McGowan, and P. H. Wiebe. 1978. āPatterns and Processes in the Time-Space Scales of Plankton Distributions.ā In J. H. Steele (ed), Spatial Patterns in Plankton Communities. Plenum Press, New York.
Higgins, L. G., and N. D. Riley. 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Hoese, H. D., and R. H. Moore. 1977. Fishes of the Gulf of MexicoāTexas, Louisiana, and Adjacent Waters. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, TX.
Holden, M. J. 1978. Long-term changes in landings of fish from the North Sea. Rapports et ProcĆØs-Verbaux des RĆ©unions 172:11ā26.
Holden, M. J. 1991. North Sea cod and haddock stocks in collapse or the end of the āgadoid outburstā? ICES CM 1991/G:41.
Holland, A. F., A. T. Shaughnessey, and M. H. Hiegel. 1987. Long-term variation in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay macrobenthos: Spatial and temporal patterns. Estuaries 10:227ā245.
Holling, C. S. 1992. Cross-scale morphology, geometry and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62(4):447ā502.
Hurst, H. E. 1951. Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 116:770.
IBM. 1992. IBM Engineering and Scientific Subroutine Library Version 2 Guide and Reference. IBM Corporation, Kingston, NY.
Jackson, D. A. 1993. Stopping rules in principal components analysis: A comparison of heuristical and statistical approaches. Ecology 74(8):2204ā2214.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1983. The Grouse of the World. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NB.
JĆ³nasson, P. M. (ed.). 1979. Ecology of eutrophic, subarctic Lake Myvatn and River Laxa. Oikos 32:1ā308.
Jones, D. A. 1989. 50 Years of studying the scarlet tiger moth. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4(10):298ā301.
Kendall, M. G., and J. K. Ord. 1990. Time Series. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London and New York.
Kipling, C. 1983. Changes in the population of Pike (Esox lucius) in Windermere from 1944 to 1981. Journal of Animal Ecology 52:989ā999.
Levin, S. A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73(6):1943ā1967.
Likens, G. E. 1989. āPreface.ā In G. E. Likens, (ed.), Long-term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Likens, G. E., F. H. Bormann, R. S. Pierce, J. S. Eaton, and N. M. Johnson. 1977. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Livingston, R. J. 1987. Field sampling in estuaries: The relationships of scale to variability. Estuaries 10:194ā207.
Loucks, R. H., and W. H. Sutcliffe, Jr. 1978. A simple fish-population model including environmental influence, for two western Atlantic shelf stocks. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:279ā285.
Lund, J. W. G. 1949. Studies on Asterionella I. The origin and nature of the cells producing seasonal maxima. Journal of Ecology 37:389ā419.
Mackenzie, J. M. D. 1952. Fluctuations in the numbers of British tetranoids. Journal of Animal Ecology 21:128ā153.
Magnuson, J. J. 1990. Long term ecological research and the invisible present. BioScience 40:495ā502.
Magnuson, J. J., T. K. Kratz, T. M. Frost, C. J. Bowser, B. J. Benson, and R. Nero. 1991. āExpanding the Temporal and Spatial Scales of Ecological Research and Compari- son of Divergent Ecosystems: Roles for LTER in the United States.ā In Long-Term Ecological Research: An International Perspective. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K.
Mandelbrot, B., and J. R. Wallis. 1969. Robustness of the rescaled range R/S in the measurement of noncyclic long run statistical dependence. Water Resources Research 5(l):967ā988.
Mann, D. G. 1988. āWhy Didnāt Lund See Sex in Asterionella? A Discussion of the Diatom Life Cycle in Nature.ā In F. E. Round (ed.), Algae and the Aquatic Environment. Biopress, Bristol, U.K.
Marshall, S. M., and A. P. Orr. 1972. The Biology of a Marine Copepod, Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus). Springer-Verlag, New York.
May, R. M. 1974. Biological populations with non-overlapping generations: Stable points, stable cycles and chaos. Science 186:645ā647.
McDowell, P., T. Webb III, and P. J. Bartlein. 1990. āLong-term Environmental Change.ā In B. L. Turner II, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. B. Meyer (eds.), The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge University Press, London.
McGeeney, A. 1986. A Complete Guide to British Dragonflies. Jonathan Cape Limited, London.
Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council. 1993. Amendment 2 to the fishery management plan for the Summer flounder fishery. Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Dover, DE.
Middleton, A. D. 1934. Periodic fluctuations in British game populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 3:231ā249.
Montague, C. L., J. W. Caldwell, R. L. Knight, K. A. Benkert, A. M. Watson, W. F. Coggins, J. J. Kosik, and K. E. Limburg. 1981. Record of Metabolism of Estuarine Ecosystems at Crystal River, Florida. Final annual report to the Florida Power Corp., Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Moore, N. W. 1991. The development of dragonfly communities and the consequences of territorial behavior: A 27 year study on small ponds at Woodwalton Fen, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Odonatologica 20(2):203ā231.
NĆ¼mann, W. 1972. The Bodensee: Effects of exploitation and eutrophication on the Salmonid community. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29:833ā847.
OāConner, R. M. 1986. āReproduction and Age Distribution of Female Lynx in Alaska, 1961ā1971āPreliminary Results.ā In S. D. Miller and D. D. Everett (eds.), Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation, and Management. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C.
Pimm, S. L. 1991. The Balance of Nature? University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Platt, T., and K. L. Denman. 1975. Spectral analysis in ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:189ā210.
Remmert, H. 1980. Arctic Animal Ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Reynolds, C. M. 1979. The heronries census: 1972ā1977 population changes and a review. Bird Study 26:7ā12.
Robbins, C. R., and G. C. Ray. 1986. A Field Guide to the Atlantic Coast Fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Rothamsted 1991. Rothamsted Experimental Station Report. Harpenden, U.K.
Roze, U. 1989. The North American Porcupine. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
SAS Institute Inc. 1984. SAS/ETS Userās Guide, Version 5 edition. Cary, NC.
Shumway, R. H. 1988. Applied Statistical Time Series Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Simola, H. 1984. Population dynamics of plankton diatoms in a 69-year sequence of annually laminated sediment. Oikos 43:30ā40.
Skinner, B. 1985. Moths of the British Isles. Viking Press, U.K.
Smith, L. P. 1960. The relation between weather and meadow hay yields in England. Journal of the British Grassland Society 15:203ā208.
Smith, P. E. 1978. Biological effects of ocean variability: Time and space scales of biological response. Rapports et ProcĆØs-Verbaux des RĆ©unions 173:117ā127.
Solow, A. R., and J. H. Steele. 1990. On sample size, statistical power, and the detection of density dependence. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:1973ā1076.
Southern, H. N. 1964. The Handbook of British Mammals. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
Spector, W. S. (ed.). 1956. Handbook of Biological Data. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Spencer, D. A. 1964. Porcupine population fluctuations in past centuries revealed by dendrochronology. Journal of Applied Ecology 1:127ā149.
Sporrong, U., and H. F. Wennstrƶm (eds.). 1990. The National Atlas of Sweden. Volume 1. Maps and Mapping. SNA Publishing, Italy.
Stafford, J. 1971. The heron population of England and Wales, 1928ā1970. Bird Study 18:218ā221.
Steele, J. H. 1985. A comparison of marine and terrestrial ecological systems. Nature 313:355ā358.
Steele, J. H. 1991a. Marine functional diversity. BioScience 41:470ā474.
Steele, J. H. 1991b. Can ecological theory cross the land-sea boundary? Journal of Theoretical Biology 153:425ā436.
Stergiou K. I. 1991. Possible implications of climatic variability on the presence of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) off the Norwegian Coast. Climatic Change 19:369ā391.
Stiling, P. 1988. Density-dependent processes and key factors in insect populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 57:581ā594.
Sugihara, G., and R. M. May. 1990. Applications of fractals in ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5(3):79ā86.
Summers, J. K., T. T. Polgar, J. A. Tarr, K. A. Rose, D. G. Heimbuch, J. McCurley, R. A. Cummins, G. F. Johnson, K. T. Yetman, and G. T. DiNardo. 1985. Reconstruction of long-term time series for commercial fisheries abundance and estuarine pollution loadings. Estuaries 8(2A):114ā124.
SvƤrdsson, G. 1957. The āinvasionā type of bird migration. British Birds. 50:314ā343. (See also Remmert 1980.)
Swanson, F. J., and R. E. Sparks. 1990. Long-term ecological research and the invisible place. BioScience 40:503ā508.
Tailing, J. F., and S. I. Heaney. 1988. āLong-term Changes in some English (Cumbrian) Lakes Subjected to Increased Nutrient Inputs.ā In F. E. Round (ed.), Algae and the Aquatic Environment. Biopress, Bristol, U.K.
Thompson, P. 1980. The Game Fishes of New England and Southeastern Canada. Down East, Camden, ME.
Van Winkle, W., B. L. Kirk, and B. W. Rust. 1979. Periodicities in Atlantic coast Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) commercial fisheries data. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36:54ā62.
Varley, M. E. 1967. British Freshwater Fishes. Fishing News (Books) Limited, London.
Weatherhead, P. J. 1986. How unusual are unusual events? American Naturalist 128:150ā154.
Wheeler, A. 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI.
Wheeler, A. 1975. Fishes of the World, an Illustrated Dictionary. Macmillan, New York.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology 3:385ā397.
Williams, C. B. 1958. Insect Migration. N. N. Collins, London.
Williams, R. 1993. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, U.K. Personal communication with the authors (July).
Witteman, G. J., A. Redfearn, and S. L. Pimm. 1990. The extent of complex population changes in nature. Evolutionary Ecology 4:173ā183.
Woiwood, I., and R. Harrington. 1993. Flying in the face of changeāthe Rothamsted Insect Survey. Rothamsted 50th Anniversary Conference Proceedings.
Wolda, H., and B. Dennis. 1993. Density dependence tests, are they? Oecologia 95:581ā591.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Warner, S.C. et al. (1992). Time Series Compared Across the Land-Sea Gradient. In: Powell, T.M., Steele, J.H. (eds) Ecological Time Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-05201-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1769-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive