Abstract
The specific or adaptive immune system is characterized by the generation and activation of immune cells with an enormous repertoire for the recognition of foreign shapes and by the phenomenon of memory. This sophisticated system of host defense is not found in invertebrates, protochordates, or in some primitive jawless fish. The vertebrate immune system evolved about 450 million years ago in cartilaginous fish, ancestors of present day skates and sharks.1
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Pillai, S. (2001). Histocompatibility Antigens and Transplant Rejection. In: Dec, G.W., Narula, J., Ballester, M., Carrio, I. (eds) Cardiac Allograft Rejection. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1649-1_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1649-1_1
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