Skip to main content

Community Respiratory Viral Infections

An Overlooked Cause of Morbidity And Mortality in Transplant Recipients

  • Chapter
Infectious Complications in Transplant Recipients

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Critical Care Infectious Diseases ((CCID,volume 1))

  • 84 Accesses

Abstract

Transplantation has become an increasingly effective strategy for the treatment of many end-stage and life-threatening illnesses. Despite many advances in post-transplant care, infection remains a major problem for transplant recipients. Although the specific infectious complications vary among different transplant populations, viral infections are increasingly recognized to occur in all types of transplant patients. Post-transplant viral infections can occur through reactivation of latent recipient infection (such as with varicella zoster virus or cytomegalovirus), through transmission by donor allografts (as with cytomegalovirus), or through new infection acquired in the community (as with respiratory syncytial virus). Because of delays in diagnosis and limited treatment options, viral infections are often associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Whimbey E, Champlin RE, Couch RB, Englund JA, Goodrich JM, Raad I, Przepiorka D, Lewis VA, Mirza N, Yousuf H, Tarrand JJ, Bodey GP. Community respiratory virus infections among hospitalized adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:778–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Wendt CH, Fox JMK, Hertz MI. Paramyxovirus infection in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995; 14:479–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Englund JA, Sullivan CJ, Jordan MC, Dehner LP, Vercellotti GM, Balfour HH Jr. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in immunocompromised adults. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109:203–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ljungman P, Gleaves CA, Meyers JD. Respiratory virus infection in immunocompromised patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1989; 4:35–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. American Academy of Pediatrics. Respiratory Syncytial Virus. In: Peter,G, ed. 1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 24`hed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1997:443–8.

    Google Scholar 

  6. American Academy of Pediatrics. Parainfluenza Viral Infections. In: Peter,G, ed. 1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 24thed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1997:379–80.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Apalsch AM, Green M, Ledesma-Medina J, Nour B, Wald ER. Parainfluenza and influenza virus infections in pediatric organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:394–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hedemark LL, Kronenberg RS, Rasp FL, Simmons RL, Peterson PK. The value of bronchoscopy in establishing the etiology of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126:981–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hertz MI, Englund JA, Snover D, Bitterman PB, McGlave PB. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute lung injury in adult patients with bone marrow transplants: A clinical approach and review of the literature. Medicine 1989; 68(5):269–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wendt CH, Weisdorf DJ, Jordan MC, Balfour HH, Hertz MI. Parainfluenza virus respiratory infection after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326(14):921–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Palmer SM, Henshaw NG, Howell DN, Miller SE, Davis RD, Tapson VF. Community respiratory viral infections in adult lung transplant recipients. Chest 1998; 113:944–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Anderson DJ, Jordan MC. Viral pneumonia in recipients of solid organ transplants. Semin Respir Infect 1999; 5(1): 38–49.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hierholzer JC. Adenoviruses in the immunocompromised host. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5:262–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Flomenberg P, Babbitt J, Drobyski WR, Ash RC, Carrigan DR, Sedmak GV, McAuliffe T, Camitta B, Horowitz MM, Bunin N, Casper JT. Increasing incidence of adenovirus disease in bone marrow transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:775–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hall CB, McCarthy CA. Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds.Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.4`hed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:1501–19.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Henrickson K, Ray R, Belshe R. Parainfluenza Viruses. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds.Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.46ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:1489–96.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Betts RF. Influenza virus. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds.Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.4`11ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:1546–67.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Baum SG. Adenovirus. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds.Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.46ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:1382–7.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Simoes EAF. Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Lancet 1999; 354:847–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Whimbey E, Champlin RE, Englund JA, Mirza NQ, Piedra PA, Goodrich JM, Przepiorka D, Luna MA, Morice RC, Neumann JL, Elting LS, Bodey GP. Combination therapy with aerosolized ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin for respiratory syncytial virus disease in adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 16:393–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pohl C, Green M, Wald ER, Ledesma-Medina J. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:166–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Heilman CA: Respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:402–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Holladay RC, Campbell GD Jr. Nosocomial viral pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Clin Chest Med 1995; 16(1): 121–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hall CB, Powell KR, MacDonald NE, Gala CL, Menegus ME, Suffin SC, Cohen HJ. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:77–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Walsh EE, Falsey AR, Hennessey PA. Respiratory syncytial and other virus infections in persons with chronic cardiopulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:791–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Whimbey E, Couch RB, Englund JA, Andreeff M, Goodrich JM, Raad II, Lewis V, Mirza N, Luna MA, Baxter B, Tarrand JJ, Bodey GP. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients with leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:376–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dowell SF, Anderson U, Gary HE, Erdman DD, Plouffe JF, File TM, Marston BJ, Breiman RF. Respiratory syncytial virus is an important cause of community-acquired lower respiratory infection among hospitalized adults. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:456–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Van Dissel JT, Zijlmans JMJM, Kroes ACM, Fibbe WE. Respiratory syncytial virus, a rare cause of severe pneumoina following bone marrow transplantation. Ann Hematol 1995; 71:253–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Harrington RD, Hooton TM, Hackman RC, Storch GA, Osborne B, Gleaves CA, Benson A, Meyers JD. An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus in a bone marrow transplant center. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:987–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fouillard L, Mouthon L, Laporte JPh, Isnard F, Stachowiak J, Aoudjhane M, Lucet JC, Wolf M, Bricourt F, Douay L, Lopez M, Marche C, Najman A, Gorin NC. Severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia after autologous bone marrow transplantation: a report of three cases and review. Bone Marrow Transplant 1992; 9(2):97–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Solomon LR, Raftery AT, Mallick NP, Johnson RWG, Longson M. Respiratory syncytial virus infection following renal transplantation. J Infection 1981; 3:280–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Peigue-Lafeuille H, Gazuy N, Mignot P, Deteix P, Beytout D, Baguet JC. Severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in an adult renal transplant recipient: Successful treatment with ribavirin. Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 22:87–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sinnott JT Cullison JP, Sweeney MS, Hammond M, Holt DA. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a cardiac transplant recipient. J Infect Dis 1988; 158(3):650–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Doud JR, Hinkamp T, Garrity ER. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a lung transplant recipient: case report. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11:77–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wendt CH. Community respiratory viruses: Organ transplant recipients. Am J Med 1997; 102(3A):311–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sleiman CH, Roue C, Mal H, Raffy O, Mangiapan G, Groussard O, Baldeyrou P, Fournier M, Pariente R. Respiratory syncytial virusinfection in single lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(4):A263.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hohlfeld J, Niedermeyer J, Hamm H, Schafers HJ, Wagner TOF, Fabel H. Seasonal onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15:888–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bridges ND, Spray TL, Collins MH, Bowles NE, Towbin JA. Adenovirus infection in the lung results in graft failure after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116:617–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rodriguez WM, Parrott RH. Ribavirin aerosol treatment of serious respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987; 1(2):425–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mahmood W, Sacks SL. Anti-infective therapy for viral pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1995; 10(4):270–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wendt CH, Hertz MI. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus infections in the immunocompromised host. Semin Respir Infect 1995; 10:224–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hall CB, McBride JT, Walsh EE, Bell DM, Gala CL, Hildreth S, Ten-Eyck LG, Hall WJ. Aerosolized ribavirin in the treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial viral infection: A randomized double-blind study. N Engl J Med 1983; 3:280–2.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Taber LH, Knight V, Gilbert BE. Ribavirin aerosol treatment of bronchiolitis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Pediatr 1983; 72:613–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Smith DW, Frankel LR, Mathers LH, Tan ATS, Ariagno RL, Prober CG. A controlled trial of aerosolized ribavirin in infants receiving mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 35:24–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Reassessment of the indications for ribavirin therapy in respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatr 1996; 97:137–40.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Guerguerian AM, Gauthier M, Lebel MH, Farrell CA, Lacroix J. Ribavirin in ventilated respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:829–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Win N, Mitchell D, Pugh S, Russell NH. Successful therapy with ribavirin of late onset respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis complicating allogeneic bone transplantation. Clin Lab Haemat 1992; 14:29–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. DeVincenzo JP, Leombruno D, Soiffer RJ, Siber GR. Immunotherapy of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17:1051–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Groothius JR. Role of antibody and the use of respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease in preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:454–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hemming VG, Prince GA, Groothius JR, Siber GR. Hyperimmune globulins in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:22–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Groothius JR, Simoes EAF, Levin MJ, Hall CB, Long CE, Rodriguez WJ, Arrobio J, Meissner HC, Fulton DR, Welliver RC, Tristram DA, Siber GR, Prince GA, Van Raden M, Hemming VG for the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immune Globulin Study Group. Prophylactic administration of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin to high-risk infants and young children. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1524–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Connor E for the PREVENT Study Group. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization among premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis. Pediatr 1997; 99(1):93–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Connor EM for the Impact-RSV Study Group. Palivizumab, a human respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatr 1998; 102(3):531–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Fete TJ, Noyes B. Common (but not always considered) viral infections of the lower respiratory tract. Pediatr Annals 1996; 25:577–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Yang E, Rubin BK. “Childhood” viruses as a cause of pneumonia in adults. Semin Respir Infect 1995; 10(4):232–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wenzel RP, McCormick DP, Beam WE. Parainfluenza pneumonia in adults. JAMA 1972; 221(3):294–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Whimbey E, Vartivarian SE, Champlin RE, Elting LS, Luna M, Bodey GP. Parainfluenza virus infection in adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbio) Infect Dis 1993; 12(9):699–701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. DeFabritus AM, Riggio RR, David DS, Senterfit LB, Cheigh JS, Stenzel KH. Parainfluenza type 3 in a transplant unit. JAMA 1979; 241(4):384–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cobian L, Houston S, Greene J, Sinnott JT. Parainfluenza virus respiratory infection after heart transplantation: successful treatment with ribavirin. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21(4):1040–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Herzog KD, Dunn SP, Langham MR Jr, Marmon LM. Association of parainfluenza virus type 3 infection with allograft rejection in a liver transplant recipient. J Pediatr Infect Dis 1989; 8(8):534–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Holt ND, Gould FK, Taylor CE, Harwood JF, Freeman R, Healy MD, Corris PA, Dark JH. Incidence and significance of noncytomegalovirus viral respiratory infection after adult lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16:416–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dudding BA, Wagner SC, Zeller JA, Gmelich JT, French GR, Top FH Jr. Fatal pneumonia associated with adenovirus tyoe 7 in three military trainees. N Engl J Med 1972; 286:1289–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Zahradnik JM, Spencer MJ, Porter DD. Adenovirus infection in the immunocompromised patient. Am J Med 1980; 68:725–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Myerowitz RL, Stalder H, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Moore M, Leith JD, Gantz NM, Pellegrini J, Hierholzer JC. Fatal disseminated adenovirus infection in a renal transplant recipient. Am J Med 1975; 59(4):591–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Matar LD, McAdams HP, Palmer SM, Howell DN, Henshaw NG, Davis RD, Tapson VF. Respiratory viral infections in lung transplant recipients: radiologie findings with clinical correlation. Radiology 1999; 213:735–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ohori NP, Michaels MG, Jaffe R, Williams P, Yousem SA. Adenovirus pneumonia in lung transplant recipients. Hum Pathol 1995; 26(10):1073–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Shields AF, Hackman RC, Fife KH, Corey L, Meyers JD. Adenovirus infections in patients undergoing bone-marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(9):529–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hale GA, Heslop HE, Krance RA, Brenner MA, Jayawardene D, Srivastava DK, Patrick CC. Adenovirus infection after pediatric bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23(3):277–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Michaels MG, Green M, Wald ER, Starzl TE. Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:170–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McGrath D, Falagas ME, Freeman R, Rohrer R, Fairchild R, Colbach C, Snydman DR. Adenovirus infection in adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients: incidence and clinical significance. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:459–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cames B, Rahier J, Burtomboy G, Goyet J, Reding R, Lamy M, Otte JB, Sokal EM. Acute adenovirus hepatitis in liver transplant recipients. J Pediatr 1992; 120(1):33–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Maslo C, Girard P-M, Urban T, Guessant S, Rozenbaum W. Ribavirin therapy for adenovirus pneumonia in an AIDS patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:126–3­4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Duggan JM, Farrehi J, Duderstadt S, Turner NJ, Fekety R. Treatment with ganciclovir of adenovirus pneumonia in a cardiac transplant patient. Am J Med 1997; 103(5):439–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cox NJ, Subbarao K. Influenza. Lancet 1999; 354:1277–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Piedra PA. Influenza virus pneumonia: Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Semin Respir Infect 1995; 10(4):216–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Izurieta HS, Thompson WW, Kramarz P, Shay DK, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Black S, Shinefield H, Fukuda K. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(4):232–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Williamson GD, Stroup DF, Arden NH, Schonberger LB. The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am J Public Health 1997; 87:1944–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ljungman P, Andersson J, Aschan J, Barkholt L, Ehmst A, Johansson M, Weiland O. Influenza A in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:244–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Whimbey E, Elting LS, Couch RB, Lo W, Williams L, Champlin RE, Bodey GP. Influenza A virus infections among hospitalized adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994; 13:437–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mauch TJ, Bratton S, Myers T, Krane E, Gentry SR, Kashtan CE. Influenza B virus infection in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatrics 1994; 94(2):225–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Nichol KL, Baken L, Nelson A. Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:397–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Nichol KL, Lind A, Margolis KL, Murdoch M, McFadden R, Hauge M, Magnan S, Drake M. The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:889–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dengler T, Strnad N, Buhring I, Zimmerman R, Girgsdies O, Kubler WE, Zielen S. Differential immune response to influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in immunosuppressed patients after heart transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 66(10):1340–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Admon D, Engelhard D, Strauss N, Goldman N, Zakay-Rones Z. Antibody response to influenza immunization in patients after heart transplantation. Vaccine 1997; 15(14):1518–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mauch TJ, Crouch NA, Freese DK, Braunlin EA, Dunn DL, Kashtan CE. Antibody response of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients to immunization against influenza virus. J Pediatr 1995; 127:957–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fraund S, Wagner D, Pethig K, Drescher J, Girgsdies E, Haverich A. Influenza vaccination in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18:220–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Blumberg EA, Albano C, Pruett T, Isaacs R, Fitzpatrick J, Bergin J, Crump C, Hayden FG. The immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:295–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Blumberg EA, Fitzpatrick J, Stutman PC, Hayden FG, Brozena SC. Safety of influenza vaccine in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998; 17(11):1075–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mack DR, Chartrand SA, Ruby EI, Antonson DL, Shaw BW Jr, Heffron TG. Influenza vaccination following liver transplantation in children. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2(6):431–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Burbach G, Bienzle U, Stark K, Rayes N, Neuhaus R, Serke S, Engelmann H, Kunzel W, Turk G, Neuhaus P. Influenza vaccination in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1999; 67(5):753–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Edvardsson VO, Flynn JT, Deforest A, Kaiser BA, Schulman SL, Bradley A, Palmer J, Polinsky MS, Baluarte HJ. Effective immunization against influenza in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 1996; 10(6 Pt 1):556–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. McClung HW, Knight V, Gilbert BE, Wilson SZ, Quarles JM, Divine GW. Ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza B virus infection. JAMA 1983; 249:2671–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Aschan J, Ringden O, Ljungman P, Anderson J, Lewensohn-Fuchs I, Forsgren M. Influenza B in transplant patients. Sand J Infect Dis 1989; 21:349–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hayden FG, Atmar RL, Schilling M, Johnson C, Poretz D, Paar D, Huson L, Ward P, Mills RG for the Oseltamivir Study Group. Use of the selective neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir to prevent influenza. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1336–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Campion K, Silagy C, Keene O, Cooper C, Bolton P, Watts R, Lincoln P, Liaw T, Narayan K, Delooze F. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. Lancet 1998; 352:1877–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Young, L.R., Palmer, S.M. (2001). Community Respiratory Viral Infections. In: Singh, N., Aguado, J.M. (eds) Infectious Complications in Transplant Recipients. Perspectives on Critical Care Infectious Diseases, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1403-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1403-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5536-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1403-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics