Skip to main content

Neuropsychological Sequelae Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Chemicals

  • Chapter
Medical Neuropsychology

Abstract

In the United States, with over 60,000 chemicals in commercial use, millions of people are exposed daily to neurotoxic compounds in occupational and environmental settings (Goetz, 1985). While many of these chemicals can be handled safely with minimal risk, numerous substances pose a threat to human health, especially if adequate precautions are not taken.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (1993). Toxicology profile for lead. Springfield, IL:National Technical Information Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antti-Poika, M. (1982). Overall prognosis of patients with diagnosed chronic organic solvent intoxication. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 51, 127–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araki, S., Honma, T., Yangihara, S., & Ushio, K. (1980). Recovery of slowed nerve conduction velocity in lead-exposed workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 46,151–157.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araki, S., Murata, K., & Aono, H. (1987). Central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction in workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper. A follow-up study of visual and somatosensory evoked potentials. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 59, 177–187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arlien-Søborg, P., Bruhn, P., Gyldensted, C., & Melgaard, B. (1979). Chronic painters syndrome. Ada Neurologica Scandinavica, 60, 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlien-Søberg, P., Henriksen, L., Gade, A., Gyldensted, C., & Paulson, O. B. (1982). Cerebral blood flow in chronic toxic encephalopathy in house painters exposed to organic solvents. Ada Neurologica Scandinavica, 66, 34–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnvig, E., Grandjean, P., & Beckmann, J. (1980). Neurotoxic effects of heavy lead exposure determined with psychological tests. Toxicology Letters, 5, 399–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby, J. A. (1980). A neurological and biochemical study of early lead poisoning. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 37, 133–140.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axelson, O., Hane, M., & Hogstedt, C. (1976). A case-referent study on neuropsychiatric disorders among workers exposed to solvents. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 2,14–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baelum,J., Anderson, I., Lundqvist, G. R., Mølhave, L., Pedersen, O. F., Væth, M., & Wyon, D. P. (1985).Response of solvent- exposed printers and unexposed controls to six-hour toluene exposure.Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 11, 271–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. L., & Fine, L. J. (1986). Solvent neurotoxicity: The current evidence. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 28, 126–129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. L., Landrigan, P. J., & Barbour, A. G. (1979). Occupational lead poisoning in the United States:Clinical and biochemical findings related to blood lead levels. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 36, 314–322.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. L., Feldman, R. G., White, R. F., & Harley, J. P. (1983). The role of occupational lead exposure in the genesis of psychiatric and behavioral disturbances. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 303(Suppl.), 38’48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. L., Feldman, R. G., White, R. A., Harley, J. P., Niles, C. A., Dinse, G. E., & Berkey, C. S. (1984).Occupational lead neurotoxicity: A behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation. Study design and year one results. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 41, 352–361.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E., Letz, R., Eisen, E., Pothierl, E. A., Plantamura, D. L., Larson, M., & Wolford, R. (1988).Neurobehavioral effects of solvents in construction painters. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 30,116–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baloh, R. W., Spively, G. H., Brown, C. P., Morgan, D., Campion, D. S., Browdy, B. L., Valentine, J. L.,Gonick, H. C., Massey, F. J., Jr., & Culver, B. D. (1979). Subclinical effects of chronic increased lead absorption-A prospective study. II. Results of baseline neurologic testing. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 21, 490–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, P. S. (1975). A comparison of concentrations of lead in human tissues. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 32, 119–139.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleecker, M. (1995). Invited commentary: Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: A multiple insult hypothesis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 141, 1072–1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleecker, M. L., Bolla, K. I., Agnew, J., Schwartz, B. S., & Ford, D. P. (1991). Dose-related subclinical neurobehavioral effects of chronic exposure to low levels of organic solvents. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 19, 715–728.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleecker, M. L., Lindgren, K. N., & Ford, D. P. (1997). Differential contribution of current and cumulative indices of lead dose to neuropsychological performance by age. Neurology, 48, 639–645.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolla, K. I., Schwartz, B. S., Agnew, J., Ford, P. D., & Bleecker, M. L. (1990). Subclinical neuropsychiatric effects of chronic low-level solvent exposure in US paint manufacturers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32, 671–677.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolla, K. I., Schwartz, B. S., Stewart, W., Rignani, J., Agnew, J., & Ford, P. (1995). Comparison of neurobehavioral function in workers exposed to a mixture of organic and inorganic lead and in workers exposed to solvents. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 27, 231–246.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowler, R. M., Mergler, D., Huel, G., Harrison, R., & Cone, J. (1991). Neuropsychological impairment among former microelectronics workers. Neurotoxicology, 12, 87–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braceland, F. J. (1942). Mental symptoms following carbon disulphide absorption and intoxication.Annals of Internal Medicine, 16, 246–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brackbill, R., Maizlish, N., & Fischback, T. (1990). Risk of neuropsychiatric disability among painters in the United States. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 16, 182–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruhn, P., Arlien-Søberg, P., Gyldensted, C., & Christensen, E. L. (1981). Prognosis in chronic toxic encephalopathy: A two year follow up study in 26 house painters with occupational encephalopathy. Ada Neurologica Scandinavica, 64, 259–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchthal, F., & Behse, F. (1979). Electrophysiology and nerve biopsy in men exposed to lead. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 36, 135–147.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callender, T., Morrow, L., Subramanian, K., Duhon, D., & Ristovv, M. (1993). Three-dimensional brain metabolic imaging in patients with toxic encephalopathy. Environmental Research, 60, 295–319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calne, D., Eisen, A., McGeer, E., & Spencer, P. (1986). Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and motoneurone disease: Abiotropic interaction between ageing and environment. Lancet, 8, 1067–1070.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campara, P., D’Andrea, F., Micciolo, R., Savonitto, C., Tansella, M., & Zimmermann-Tansella, C. (1984).Psychological performance of workers with blood lead concentration below the current threshold limit value. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 53, 233–246.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, N., Waldron, H. A., Wells, G. G., Wilkinson, R. T., Wilson, H. K., & Jones, S. (1980). An investigation of the acute behavioral effects of styrene on factory workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 37, 234–240.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, N., Hutchins, H., Pace, T., & Waldron, H. A. (1985). Neurobehavioral effects of repeated occupational exposure to toluene and paint solvents. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42,291–300.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colvin, M., Myers, J., Nell, V., Rees, D., & Cronje, R. (1993). A cross-sectional survey of neurobehavioral effects of chronic solvent exposure on workers in a paint manufacturing plant. Environmental Research, 63, 122–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Condray R.,Morrow, L., Steinhauer, S., & Hodgson, M. (in press). Mood and behavioral symptoms in individuals with chronic solvent exposure. Psychiatry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, W. C, & Gaffey, W. R. (1975). Mortality of lead workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 17,100–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, G. P., Suszkiw, J. B., & Manalis, R. S. (1984). Heavy metals: Effects on synaptic transmission.Neurotoxicology, 5, 247–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cory-Slechta, D. A. (1996). Legacy of lead exposure: Consequences for the central nervous system.Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 114, 224–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cranmer, J. M., & Golberg, L. (Eds.). (1986). Proceedings of the workshop on neurobehavioral effects of solvents. Neurotoxicology, 7, 1–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagar, S. R., Holland, J. P., Cowley, D. S., & Dunner, D. L. (1987). Panic disorder precipitated by exposure to organic solvents in the work place. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1056–1058.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniell, W., Stebbins, A., O’Donnell, J., Horstman, S. W., & Rosenstock, L. (1993). Neuropsychological performance and solvent exposure among car body repair shop workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50, 368–377.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Echeverria, D., White, R. F., & Sampaio, C. (1995). A behavioral evaluation of PCE exposure in patients and dry cleaners: A possible relationship between clinical and preclinical effects. Journal of Environmental Medicine, 37, 667–680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edling, C., Ekberg, K., Ahlborg, G., Alexander, R., Barregard, L., Ekenvall, L., Nilsson, L., & Svensson, B.G. (1990). Long term follow up of workers exposed to solvents. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47, 75–82.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edling, C., Hellman, B., Arvidson, B., Andersson, J., Hartvig, P., Lilja, A., Valind, S., & Långström, B.(1997). Do organic solvents induce changes in the dopaminergic system? Positron emission tomography studies of occupationally exposed subjects. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 70, 180–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehele, A. L. (1986). Lead neuropathy and electrophysiological studies in low level lead exposure: A critical review. Neurotoxicology, 7, 203–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekberg, K., Barregard, L., Hagberg, S., & Sallsten, S. (1986). Chronic and acute effects of solvents on central nervous system functions in floorlayers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 101–106.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingsen, D. G., Bekken, M., Kolsaker, L., & Langård, S. (1993). Patients with suspected solvent-induced encephalopathy examined with cerebral computed tomography. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 35, 155–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Massioui, F., Lesevre, N., & Fournier, L. (1986). An event-related potential assessment of attention impairment after occupational exposure to organic solvents. In C. Barber & T. Blum (Eds.), Evoked potentials III: The third international evoked potentials symposium (pp. 346–350). Stoneham,MA: Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elofsson, S., Gamberale, F., Hindmarsh, T., Iregrn, A., Isaksson, A., Johnsson, I., Knave, B., Lydahl, E.,Mindus, P., Persson, H. E., Philipson, B., Steby, M., Struwe, G., Soderman, E., Wennberg, A., & Widen, L. (1980). Exposure to organic solvents: A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed car and industrial spray painters with special reference to the nervous system. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 6, 239–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escalona, E., Yanes, L., Feo, O., & Maizlish, N. (1995). Neurobehavioral evaluation of Venezuelan workers exposed to organic solvent mixtures. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 27, 15–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eskelinen, L., Luisto, M., Tenkanen, L., & Mattei, O. (1986). Neuropsychological methods in the differentiation of organic solvent intoxication from certain neurological conditions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 239–256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. G., Hayes, M. K., Younes, R., & Aldrich, F. D. (1977). Lead neuropathy in adults and children. Archives of Neurology, 34, 481–488.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler, A., Baker, E., & Letz, R. (1987). Neurobehavioral effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents among construction painters. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, 292–308.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, C. E., Chang, T.-S., Harrell, E. H., Kettelhut, M. C., Rea, W. J., Johnson, A., Hickey D. C., & Simon, T. R. (1997). Comparison of single photon emission computed tomography findings in cases of healthy adults and solvent-exposed adults. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31,4–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foo, S. C., Jeyaratnam, J., & Koh, D. (1990). Chronic neurobehavioral effects of toluene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47, 480–484.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, D., & Kandel, E. (1988). Long-term occupational exposure and the diagnosis of dementia.Neurotoxicology, 9, 391–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gade, A., Mortensen, E. L., & Bruhn, P. (1988). “Chronic painter’s syndrome.” A reanalysis of psychological test data in a group of diagnosed cases, based on comparisons with matched controls. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 77, 293–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, L., Valciukas, J. A., Lilis, R., & Weisman, I. (1984). Occupational lead exposure: Effects on saccadic eye movements. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 54,115–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz, C. G. (1985). Neurotoxins in clinical practice. New York: SP Medical and Scientific Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldblum, D., & Chouinard, G. (1985). Schizophreniform psychosis associated with chronic industrial toluene exposure: Case report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 46, 350–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gombault, M. (1880). Notes sûr l’état des nerfs péri-phériques dans l’empoisonnement lent par le plomb chez le cochon d’Inde. Progrés Médical (Paris), 8, 181–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorell, J. M., Johnson, C. C., Rybicki, B. A., Peterson, E. L., Kortsha, G. X., Brown, G. G., & Richardson,R. J. (1997). Occupational exposures to metals as risk factors for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 48,650–658.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyer, R. A. (1989). Mechanisms of lead and cadmium nephrotoxicity. Toxicology Letters, 46, 153–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean, P., Arnvig, E., & Beckmann, J. (1978). Psychological dysfunctions in lead exposed workers:Relation to biological parameters of exposure. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 4, 295–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, A., Van Duijn, C., Chandra, V., Fratiglioni, L., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K.,Mortimer, J. A., Rocca, W. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H., & Hofman, A. (1991). Occupational exposures to solvents and lead as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: A collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 20, S58–S61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregersen, P., Angelso, B., Nielsen, T. E., Norgaard, B., & Uldal, C. (1984). Neurotoxic effects of organic solvents in exposed workers: An occupational, neuropsychological, and neurological investigation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 5, 201–225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregersen, P., Klausen, H., & Elsnab, C. U. (1987). Chronic toxic encephalopathy in solvent-exposed painters in Denmark 1976–1980: Clinical cases and social consequences after a 5-year follow-up.American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 11, 399–417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagstadius, S., Ørbæk, P., Risberg, J., & Lindgren, M. (1989). Regional cerebral blood flow at the time of diagnosis of chronic toxic encephalopathy induced by organic-solvent exposure and after cessation of exposure. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 15, 130–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hane, M., Axelson, O., Blume, J., Hogstedt, C., Sundell, L., & Ydreborg, B. (1977). Psychological function changes among house painters. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 3, 91–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hänninen, H., Eskelinen, L., Husman, K., & Nurminen, M. (1976). Behavioral effects of long-term exposure to mixture of organic solvents. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 4,240–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hänninen, H., Hernberg, S., Mantere, P., Vesanto, R., & Jalkanen, M. (1978). Psychological performance of subjects with low exposure to lead. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 20, 683–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hänninen, H., Mantere, P., Hernberg, S., Seppäläinen, A. M., & Kock, B. (1979). Subjective symptoms in low-level exposure to lead. Neurotoxicology, 1, 333–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hänninen, H., Antti-Poiki, M., Juntunen, J., & Koskenhvuo, M. (1991). Exposure to organic solvents and neuropsychological dysfunction: A study on monozygotic twins. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48, 18–25.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, D. E. (1995). Neuropsychological toxicology: Identification and assessment of human neurotoxic syndromes (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • He, F. S., Zhang, S. L., Li, G., Zhang, S. C, Huang, J. X., & Wu, Y. Q. (1988). An electrographic assessment of subclinical lead neurotoxicity. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 61, 141–146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogstedt, C., Hane, M., Agrell, A., & Bodin, L. (1983). Neuropsychological test results and symptoms among workers with well-defined long-term exposure to lead. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 40, 99–105.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holdstein, S., Pratt, H., Golsfer, M., Rosen, G., Shenhav, R., Linn, S., Mor, A., & Barkai, A. (1986).Auditory brainstem evoked potentials in asymptomatic lead-exposed subjects. Journal of Laryngology and Otolaryngology, 100, 1031–1036.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooisma, J., Hänninen, H., Emmen, H., & Kulig, B. M. (1993). Behavioral effects of exposure to organic solvents in Dutch painters. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 15, 397–406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iregren, A., Åkerstedt, T., Olson, B. A., & Gamberale, F. (1986). Experimental exposure to toluene in combination with ethanol intake. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 12,128–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juntunen, J., Hernberg, S., Eistola, P., & Hupli, V. (1980). Exposure to industrial solvents and brain atrophy: A retrospective study of pneumoencephalographic findings among 37 patients with exposure to industrial solvents. European Neurology, 19, 366–375.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamrin, M. A. (1988). Toxicology: A primer on toxicology principles and applications. Chelsea, MI:Lewis Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, W. E., Novotny, T. E., &Tucker, M. (1987). New ceramics-related industry implicated in elevated blood lead levels in children. Archives of Environmental Health, 42, 161–164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kukull, W. A., Larson, E. B., Bowen, J. D., McCormic, W. C., Teri, L., Pfanschmidt, M. L., Thompson. J.D., O’Meara, E. S., Brenner, D. E., & van Belle, G. (1995). Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: A case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 141, 1059–1071.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancranjan, I., Popescu, H. I., Gavenescu, O., Klepsch, I., & Serbanescu, M. (1975). Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Archives of Environmental Health, 30, 396–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landrigan, P. J., Baker, E. L., Jr., Feldman, R. G., Cox, D. H., & Eden, K. V. (1976). Increased lead absorption with anemia and slowed nerve conduction in children near a lead smelter. Journal of Pediatrics, 89, 904–910.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landtblom, A. M., Flodin, U., Soderfeldt, B., Wolfson, C., & Axelson, O. (1996). Organic solvents and multiple sclerosis: A synthesis of the current evidence. Epidemiology, 7, 429–433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S.-H., & Lee, S. H. (1993). A study on the neurobehavioral effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents in Korean workers. Environmental Besearch, 60, 227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilis, R. (1980). Diseases associated with exposure to chemical substances. In J. M. Last (Ed.), In public health and preventive medicine (11th ed., pp. 686–768). New York: Appleton, Century /Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, K. N., Masten, V. L., Ford, D. P., & Bleecker, M. L. (1996). Relation of cumulative exposure to inorganic lead and neuropsychological test performance. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53, 472–477.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström, K. (1980). Changes in psychological performance of solvent-poisoned and solvent-exposed workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1, 69–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström, K., & Wickström, G. (1983). Psychological function changes among maintenance house painters exposed to low levels of organic solvent mixtures. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,67(Suppl. 303), 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindström, K., Riihimäki, H., & Hänninen, K. (1984). Occupational solvent exposure and neuropsychiatric disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 10, 321–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, D. H., de Garmo, P. L., Morton, W. E., Wiens, A. N., Coull, B. M., & Maricle, R. A. (1986). Organic solvent-induced encephalopathy in industrial painters. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 28,119–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maizlish, N. A., Langolf, G. D., Whitehead, L. W., Fine, L. J., Albers, J. W., Goldberg, J., & Smith, P. (1985).Behavioral evaluation of workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42, 579–590.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantere, P., Hänninen, H., & Hernberg, S. (1982). Subclinical neurotoxic lead effects: Two-year followup studies with psychological test methods. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 4,725–727.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maroni, M., Bulgheroni, C., Cassitto, M. G., Merluzzi, F., Gilioli, R., & Foa, V. (1977). A clinical,neuropsychological and behavioral study of female workers exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 3, 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMichael, A. J., & Johnson, H. M. (1982). Long-term mortality profile of heavily exposed lead smelter workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 24, 375–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen, S. (1980). A cohort study of disability pension and death among painters with special regard to disabling presenile dementia as an occupational disease. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, (Suppl.16), 34–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen, S., Jørgensen, M., Brown, E., & Gyldensted, C. (1988). Mixed solvent exposure and organic brain damage. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 78(Suppl. 118), 1–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milanovic, L., Spilich, G., Vucinic, G., Knezevic, S., Ribaric, B., & Mubrin, Z. (1990). Effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents upon cognitive performance. Neurotoxicology and Teratology,12, 657–660.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milburn, H., Mitran, E., & Crockford, G. W. (1976). An investigation of lead workers for subclinical effects of lead using three performance tests. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 19, 239–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minnema, D. J., Michelson, I. A., & Cooper, G. P. (1988). Calcium efflux and neurotransmitter release from rat hippocampal synaptosomes exposed to lead. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 92,351–357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. W. (Ed.). (1987). Occupational medicine forum: Lead toxicity and reproduction. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 29, 397–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moen, B. E., Riise, T., Haga, E. M., & Fossan, G. O. (1990). Reduced performance in tests of memory and visual abstraction in seamen exposed to industrial solvents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81,114–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, B. B., Jr., & Repko, J. D. (1974). Evaluation of behavioral functions in workers exposed to lead. In C. Xintaras, B. L. Johnson, & I. de Groot (Eds.), Behavioral toxicology: Early detection of occupational hazards (pp. 248–266) (HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 74–126). Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow L. A., Ryan, C. M., Goldstein, G., & Hodgson, M. J. (1989). A distinct pattern of personality disturbance following exposure to organic solvents. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 31, 743–746.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Callender, T., Lottenberg, S., Buchsbaum, M. S., Hodgson, M. J., & Robin, N. (1990a). PET and neurobehavioral evidence of tetrabromoethane encephalopathy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2, 431– 435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Ryan, C. M., Hodgson, M. J., & Robin, N. (1990b). Alterations in cognitive and psychological functioning after organic solvent exposure. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32, 444–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Ryan, C. M., Hodgson, M. J., & Robin, N. (1991). Risk factors associated with persistence of neuropsychological deficits in persons with organic solvent exposure. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 540–545.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Robin, N., Hodgson, M., & Kamis, H. (1992a). Assessment of attention and memory efficiency in persons with solvent neurotoxicity. Neuropsychologia, 30, 911–922.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Steinhauer, S. R., & Hodgson, M. J. (1992b). Delay in P300 latency in patients with organic solvent exposure. Archives of Neurology, 49, 315–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Kamis, H., & Hodgson, M. (1993). Psychiatric symptomatology in persons with organic solvent exposure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 171–174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Steinhauer, S. R., & Condray, R. (1996). Differential associations of P300 amplitude and latency with cognitive and psychiatric function in solvent-exposed adults. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 8, 446–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow L. A., Steinhauer, S. R., Condray, R., & Hodgson, M. (1997). Neuropsychological performance in journeymen painters under acute solvent exposure and exposure free conditions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, L. A., Steinhauer, S. R., & Condray, R. (1998). Predictors of improvement in P300 latency in solvent exposed adults. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 11, 146–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muldoon, S. B., Cauley, J. A., Kuller, L. H., Morrow., L., Needleman, H. L., Scott, J., & Hooper, F. J. (1996).Effects of blood lead levels on cognitive function of older women. Neuroepidemiology, 15, 62–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutti, A., & Franchini, I. (1987). Toxicity of metabolites to dopaminergic systems and the behavioural effects of organic solvents. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, 721–723.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1987). Organic solvent neurotoxicity(NIOSH Publication No. 87–104) Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. (1972). Lead: Airborne lead in perspective. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needleman, H. L., & Bellinger, D. (1991). The health effects of low level exposure to lead. Annual Review of Public Health, 12, 111–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, N. A., Robbins, T. G., White, R. F., & Garrison, R. P. (1994). A case-control study of chronic neuropsychiatric disease and organic solvent exposure in automobile assembly plant workers.Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 302–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neshige, R., Barrett, G., & Shibaski, H. (1988). Auditory long latency event-related potentials in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Journal of Neurology,Neurosurgery and Psychiatry,51, 1120–1125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, M. P., Barrett, G., Callanan, M. M., & Towell, A. D. (1989). Cognitive event-related potentials in multiple sclerosis. Brain, 112, 1637–1660.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, T. P., Ong, S. G., Lam, W. K., & Jones, G. M. (1990). Neurobehavioral effects of industrial mixed solvent exposure in Chinese printing and paint workers.Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 12,661–664.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, C. J., Nielsen, V. K., Kirkby, H., & Gyntelberg, F. (1982). Absence of peripheral neuropathy in long term lead exposed subjects. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 65, 241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nriagu, J. O. (1983). Occupational exposure to lead in ancient times. Science of the Total Environment,31, 105–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, J., & Sabroe, S. (1980). A case-reference study of neuropsychiatric disorders among workers exposed to solvents and Danish wood furniture industry.Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine,Suppl. 16, 44–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, B. A. (1982). Effects of organic solvents on behavioral performance of workers in the paint industry. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 4, 703–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ørbæk, P., & Lindgren, M. (1988). Prospective clinical and psychometric investigation of patients with chronic toxic encephalopathy induced by solvents. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 14, 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ørbæk, P., & Nise, G. (1989). Neurasthenic complaints and psychometric function of toluene-exposed rotogravure printers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 16, 67–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osterberg, K., Borjesson, J., Gerhardsson, L., Schutz, A., & Skerfving, S. (1997). A neurobehavioral study of long-term occupational inorganic lead exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 201, 39–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otto, D. A., Robinson, G., Baumann, S., Schroeder, S., Mushak, P., Kleinbaum. D., & Boone, L. (1985).Five-year follow-up study of children with low to moderate lead absorption: Electrophysiological evaluation. Environmental Research, 38, 168–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, D. K., Ryan, C., Bromet, E. J., & Connell, M. M. (1986). A psychiatric epidemiologic study of occupational lead exposure.American Journal of Epidemiology, 123, 261–269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, D. K., Bromet, E. J., Cohen, S., Dunn, L. O., Dew, M. A., Ryan, C., & Schwartz, J. E. (1990).Health effects of long-term solvent exposure among women in blue-collar occupations. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 17, 661–675.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, G., Becker, C. E., Lash, A., Bowler, R., Estrin, W. J., & Law, D. (1989). Cross-sectionalneurotoxicology study of lead-exposed cohort. Journal of Toxicology-Clinical Toxicology, 27, 37–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C, Ericson, J., Manea-Krichten, M., & Shirahata, H. (1991). Natural skeletal levels of lead in Homo sapiens uncontaminated by technological lead. Science of the Total Environment, 107,205–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, M. B., Wetherill, G. W., & Kopple, J. D. (1976). Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 58, 260–270.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H., Olsen, J., & Lauritsen, J. (1985). Risk of encephalopathia among retired solvent-exposed workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 27, 561–566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riise, T., & Moen, B. (1990). A nested case-control study of disability pension among seamen, with special reference to neuropsychiatric disorders and exposure to solvents. Neuroepidemiology, 9,88–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C. M., Morrow, L. A., Parkinson, D. K., & Bromet, E. J. (1987). Low level lead exposure and neuropsychological function in blue collar males.International Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 29–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C. M., Morrow, L. A., & Hodgson, M. (1988). Cacosmia and neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with occupational exposure to mixtures of organic solvents. American Journal of Psychiatry,145, 1442–1445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K., Endoh, K., Kaneko, T., & Johanson, G. (1991). A simulation study of physiological factors affecting pharmacokinetic behaviour of organic solvent vapours. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48, 342–347.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P. (1993). Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: A formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory. Neuropsychology, 7, 273–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sborgia, G., Assennato, G., L’Abbate, N., DeMarinis, L., Paci, C., DeNicolo, M., DeMarinis, G., Montrone,N., Ferrannini, E., Specchio, L., Masi, G., & Olivieri, G. (1983). Comprehensive neurophysiological evaluation of lead-exposed workers. In R. Gilioli, M. G. Cassitto, & V. Foa (Eds.), Neurobehavioral methods in occupational health (pp. 283–294). London: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenhuber, R., & Gentilini, M. (1989). Influence of occupational styrene exposure on memory and attention. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 11, 585–586.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schottenfeld, R. S., & Cullen, M. R. (1986). Recognition of occupation-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 28, 365–369.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, B. S., Bolla, K. I., Stewart, W. S., Ford, D. D., Agnew, J., & Frumkin, H. (1993). Decrements in neurobehavioral performance associated with mixed exposure to organic and inorganic lead.American Journal of Epidemiology, 137, 1006–1021.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seeber, A. (1989). Neurobehavioral toxicity of long-term exposure to tetrachloroethylene. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 11, 579–583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selevan, S. G., Landrigan, P. J., Stern, F. B., & Jones, J. H. (1985). Mortality of lead smelter workers.American Journal of Epidemiology, 122, 673–683.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seppäläinen, A. M., Tola, S., Hernberg, S., & Kock, B. (1975). Subclinical neuropathy at “safe” levels of lead exposure. Archives of Environmental Health, 30, 180–183.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seppäläinen, A. M., Hernberg, S., & Kock, B. (1979). Relationship between blood lead levels and nerve conduction velocities. Neurotoxicology, 1, 313–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seppäläinen, A. M., Lindström, K., & Martelin, T. (1980). Neurophysiological and psychological picture of solvent poisoning. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1, 31–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seppäläinen, A. M., Hernberg, S., Vensanto, R., & Kock, B. (1983). Early neurotoxic effects of occupational lead exposure: A prospective study. Neurotoxicology, 4, 181–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, D. S., Perkins, C., Samuels, S. J., Rosenberg, J., & Rudolph, L. (1991). Lead use in California industry: Its prevalence and health implications. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 52, 409–416.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silbergeld, E. K. (1992). Neurological perspective on lead toxicity. In H. L. Needleman (Ed.), Human lead exposure (pp. 89–103). Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, T. J., & Pocock, G. (1987). Lead enters bovine adrenal medullary cells through calcium channels. Journal of Neurochemistry, 48, 383–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P. S., & Schaumburg, H. H. (Eds.). (1980). Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivey, G. H., Baloh, R. W., & Brown, C. P. (1980). Subclinical effects of chronic increased lead absorption-A prospective study: III. Neurological findings at follow-up examination. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 22, 607–612.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spurgeon, A., Gray, C. N., Sims, J., Calvert, I., Levy, L. S., Harvey, P. G., & Harrington, J. M. (1992).Neurobehavioral effects of long-term occupational exposure to organic solvents: Two comparable studies. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 22, 325–335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spurgeon, A., Glass, D., Calvert, I., Cunningham-Hill, M., & Harrington, J. M. (1994). Investigation of dose related neurobehavioral effects in paintmakers exposed to low levels of solvents. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 626–630.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhauer, S. R., Morrow, L. A., Condray, R., & Dougherty, G. (1997). Event-related potentials in workers with ongoing occupational exposure. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 854–858.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stollery, B. T. (1996). Long-term cognitive sequelae of solvent intoxication. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 18, 471–476.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stollery, B. T., & Flindt, M. L. H. (1988). Memory sequelae of solvent intoxication. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 14, 45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stollery, B. T., Banks, H. A., Broadbent, D. E., & Lee, W. R. (1989). Cognitive functioning in lead workers.British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 46, 698–707.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stollery, B. T., Broadbent, D. E., Banks, H. A., & Lee, W. R. (1991). Short term prospective study of cognitive functioning in lead workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48, 739–749.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Struwe, G., & Wennberg, A. (1983). Psychiatric and neurological symptoms in workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents-Results of a differential epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 68–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struwe, G., Mindus, P., & Jönsson, B. (1980). Psychiatric ratings in occupational health research: A study of mental symptoms in lacquerers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1, 23–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, H. W., Liang, Y. X., Hu, X. H., & Yang, H. G. (1995). Alteration in monoamine metabolites and neurobehavioral function in lead-exposed workers. Biomedical and Environmental Science, 8,23–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teo, R. K. C., & Ferguson, D. A. (1985). The effects of organophosphate pesticide exposure on event-related potentials (ERPs) in pest control operators: Neurobehavioral methods in occupational and environmental health. In Extended abstracts from the Second International Symposium (pp. 163–167). Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triebig, G., & Lang, C. (1993). Brain imaging technique applied to chronically solvent-exposed workers:Current results and clinical evaluation. Environmental Research, 61, 239–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triebig, G., Claus, D., Csuzda, I., Druschky, K.-F., Kinzel, W., Lehrl, S., Reichwein, P., Weidenhammer,W., Weitbrecht, W.-U., Weltle, D., Schaller, K. H., & Valentin, H. (1988). Cross-sectional epidemiological study on neurotoxicity of solvents in paints and lacquers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 60, 233–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triebig, G., Barocka, A., Erbguth, F., Höll, R., Lang, C., Lehrl, S., Rechlin, T., Weidenhammer, W., & Weltle, D. (1992). International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 64, 361–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1986). Air quality criteria for lead (Vol. I-IV). (EPA 600/8-83//028aF). Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,EPA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzych, L. (1985). Teratogenesis and mutagenesis associated with the exposure of human males to lead:A review. Yale Journal of Biological Medicine, 58, 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valciukas, J. A., Lilis, R., Eisinger, J., Blumberg, W. E., Fischbein, A., & Selikoff, I. J. (1978). Behavioral indicators of lead neurotoxicity: Results of a clinical field study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 41, 217–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valciukas, J. A., Lilis, R., Singer, R., Fischbein, A., Anderson, H. A., & Glickman, L. (1980). Lead exposure and behavioral changes: Comparisons of four occupational groups with different levels of lead absorption. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1, 421–426.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valciukas, J. A., Lilis, R., Singer, R. M., Glickman, L., & Nicholson, W. J. (1985). Neurobehavioral changes among shipyard painters exposed to solvents. Archives of Environmental Health, 40,47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Vliet, C., Swaen, G. M. H., Volovics, A., Slangen, J. J. M., Meijers, J. M. M., de Boorder, T., & Sturmans, F. (1989). Exposure-outcome relationships between organic solvent exposure and neuropsychiatric disorders: Results from a Dutch case-control study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 16, 707–718.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasch, H. H., Estrin, W. J., Yip, P., Bowler, R., & Cone, J. E. (1989). Prolongation of the P-300 latency associated with hydrogen sulfide exposure. Archives of Neurology, 46, 902–904.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. G., Robins, T. G., Proctor, S., Echeverria, D., & Rocskay, A. S. (1994). Neuropsychological effects of exposure to naphtha among automotive workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 102–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. F., Proctor, S. P., Echeverria, D., Schweikert, J., & Feldman, R. G. (1995). Neurobehavioral effects of acute and chronic mixed-solvent exposure in the screen printing industry. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 28, 221–231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, A. M., & Teo, R. K. (1986). Neurobehavioral effects of occupational exposure to lead. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 374–380.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, A. M., & Winder, C. (1993). A prospective cohort study of the chronic effects of solvent exposure. Environmental Research, 62, 256–271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmers, L. E., Jr., Wallgren, J., Aufderheide, A. C., & Razzo, G. (1988). Lead in bone, distribution of lead in the human skeleton. Archives of Environmental Health, 43, 381–391.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, R. (1981). Neurobehavioral toxicity of carbon disulfide. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 3, 397–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann-Tansella, C., Campara, P., D’Andrea, F., Savonitto, C., & Tansella, M. (1983). Psychological and physical complaints of subjects with low exposure to lead. Human Toxicology, 2, 615–623.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Morrow, L.A., Muldoon, S.B., Sandstrom, D.J. (2001). Neuropsychological Sequelae Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Chemicals. In: Tarter, R.E., Butters, M.A., Beers, S.R. (eds) Medical Neuropsychology. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1287-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1287-5_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5479-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1287-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics