Abstract
A critical evaluation of testing and modelling for prediction of hydrogen embrittlement has been undertaken. Exposure time, temperature excursions and mechanical test method are shown to be factors which affect the reliable experimental determination of threshold stress/stress intensity factor for cracking and crack growth rates. In relation to test time, the key issue is the distance of the site of cracking from the primary source of hydrogen atoms, which will be influenced by exposure conditions, test specimen configuration and activity of the alloy. In some systems very long tests may be inevitable to ensure steady-state hydrogen uptake has been attained. Excursions from high to low temperature can be important in service and have been shown to be of significance in laboratory testing, but further studies are required. Mechanical test methods based on dynamic straining will provide a more conservative estimate of the threshold stress/stress intensity factor for cracking. It is concluded that guidelines for hydrogen embrittlement testing are needed to complement existing test standards.
Mechanistic modelling of hydrogen embrittlement threshold and crack growth kinetics is fundamentally challenging. Analytical models have been developed but with questionable assumptions and a limited range of application. The primary obstacle is the need to predict the time-dependent distribution of hydrogen atoms at the crack tip as a function of test and operational variables. Progress has been made but existing models have limitations. Nevertheless, if further progress is to be made it is in the development of more robust models of crack-tip hydrogen coupled with a criterion for failure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akid, R.A. and Miller, K.J., Fat. Fract Engng. Mater. Struct, 14,637,1991
Alexander, D., New Civil Engineer, March, 5,1990
ASTM G148–97, Practice for evaluation of hydrogen uptake, permeation, and transport in metals by an electrochemical technique, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997
Birnbaum, H.K. “Mechanism of hydrogen-related fracture of metals”, Environment-Induced Cracking of Metals, R.P. Gangloff and M.B. Ives, eds., pp 21–30, NACE, Houston, 1990
Booth, G.S. “Constant amplitude corrosion fatigue strength of welded joints”, Proc. of ICE Conference on Fatigue in Offshore Structural Steels, Thomas Telford Ltd. London, 1981
Brouwer, R.C. “Predicting hydrogen induced crack growth rates in pipeline and pressure vessel”, Proc. of Hydrogen Transport in Metals, edited by A Turnbull, pp 62–76, Institute of Materials, London, 1995.
BS 7886–97, Method of Measurement of hydrogen permeation and the determination of hydrogen uptake and transport in metals by an electrochemical technique, British Standard Institute, 1997.
Chen, X. and Gerberich, W.W., Metall. Trans., 22A, 59,1991
Dewsnap, R.F., “Factors influencing the performance of steels for sour service”, Sour Service in the Oil and Gas and Petrochemical Industries, Oyez Scientific and Technical Services Ltd. London, 1985
Dewsnap, R.F., Jones, C.L., Lessells, J.W., Morrison, B., Rudd, W.J., Walker, E.F. and Wilkins, R. “A review of information on hydrogen induced cracking and sulphide stress corrosion cracking in linepipe steels”, Offshore Technology Report OTH 86 256, HMSO, 1987.
Francis, R. G. Byrne, G. and Warburton, G.R., Corrosion, 53 (3), 234,1997
Gangloff, R.P., Res. Mech. Lett., 1,299,1981
Gangloff, R.P. and Ritchie, R.O., “Environmental effects novel to the propagation of short fatigue cracks”, Fundamentals of Deformation and Fracture, K.J. Miller, ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984
Griffiths, A. J., Hutchings. R. and Turnbull, A., “Hydrogen uptake and transport in low alloy steels”. Proc. of Second International Conference on Interaction of Pipeline Steels with Hydrogen in Petroleum Industry Pressure Vessel and Pipeline Service, Vienna, October, 1994
Griffiths, A.J. and Turnbull, A., Corros. Sci., 37 (11), 1879,1995
Griffiths A. J. and Turnbull, A., “Impact of long-term exposure on corrosion fatigue growth of low alloy steels”, Paper No. 262, Proc. of Corrosion 96, NACE, Houston, 1996
Griffiths, A.J. and Turnbull, A., “Defining the limits of application of duplex stainless steel coupled to carbon steel in oilfield environments”, to be submitted to Corrosion, 1999
Hutchings, R.B., National Physical Laboratory, unpublished work, 1990
Kilgallon, P.J., Newman, M., and Robinson, M.J. “Slow strain rate testing of cathodically protected duplex stainless steel -Implications of hydrogen pre-charging”, Proceedings of UK Corrosion 95, (UK: Institute of Corrosion, 1995).
Krom, A.H.M., Koers. R.W.J. and Bakker, A., J.Mech.Phys.Solids, 47,971,1999
McHenry, H.I., Read, T. and Shives, T.R., Mater. Perf, Aug., 18,1987
Parkins, R.N., Blanchard Jr., W.K.and B.S. Delanty, B.S., Corrosion, 50 (5), 394,1994
Perlmutter, I. and Carter, C.S. “Material factors and reliability in the design of landing gear”, Proc. of The relevance of fracture toughness to the design and reliability of military equipment, The Welding Institute, Cambridge, UK, 1973
Sentance, P., Duplex Stainless Steels, Les Editions de Physique, France, Oct., 1991, p895
Shoesmith, D.W., King, F. and Ikeda, B.M., “A model for predicting the lifetimes of Grade-2 titanium nuclear waste containers. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report, AECL-10973, COG-94-534,1994.
Sofronis, P. and McMeeking, R.M., J.Mech.Phys.Solids, 37, 317,1989
Turnbull, A. and Thomas, J.G.N., J Electrochem. Soc., 129 (7), 1412,1982
Turnbull, A. and Ferriss, D. H., Corros. Sci., 27 (12), 1323,1987
Turnbull, A., Saenz de Santa Maria M. and Thomas, N.D., Corros. Sci., 29 (1), 89,1989
Turnbull, A. and Saenz de Santa Maria, M.” The relative importance of crack tip charging and bulk charging in hydrogen assisted cracking in aqueous solutions”, Environment Assisted Fatigue, P. Scott and R. A. Cottis, eds, ppl45–154, Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd, London, 1990
Tumbull, A. and May, A.T., Corros. Sci., 30(6/7), 657,1990
Turnbull, A., Corros. Sci., 34 (6), 921,1993
Tumbull, A., “Standardisation of the hydrogen permeation technique by the electrochemical method”, Proc. of Hydrogen Transport in Metals, edited by A Turnbull, ppl29–141, Institute of Materials, London, 1995.
Turnbull, A., Lembach-Beylegaard, E. and Hutchings, R.B. “Hydrogen transport in duplex stainless steels”. Duplex Stainless Steels ’94, Glasgow, November, 1994, TWI, 1995
Turnbull, A. and Ferriss, D.H., Mat. Sci. Eng., A206,1,1996
Turnbull. A. and Reid, T.A., Environment assisted cracking from pits - A review of life prediction methodologies, NPL Report CMMT(D)199,1999
Turnbull, A., Griffiths, A.J. and Reid, T.A., “Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steels - simulating service conditions”, Paper 148, Corrosion 99, NACE, Houston, 1999
Yu, J. Brook. R, Hutchings, R.B. and A. Turnbull, A., “Stress corrosion of stainless steels in sour marine environments”, Proc. of Life Prediction of Corrodible Structures, Cambridge, 1991, NACE.
Wan, K.C., Chen, G.S., Gao, M. and Wei, R. Int. J. Fracture, 69 (3), R63–R67,1995
Wei, R.P., “Life prediction - A case for multidisciplinary research”, Proc. of Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 27th Vol. ASTM STP 1296, R.S. Piascik, J.C. Newmasn and N.E. Dowling, eds, pp 3–24, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Turnbull, A. (2001). Testing and Modelling for Prediction of Hydrogen Embrittlement. In: Mallinson, L.G. (eds) Ageing Studies and Lifetime Extension of Materials. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1215-8_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1215-8_43
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5444-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1215-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive