Abstract
According to many researchers, the neo-Darwinist paradigm of biology leaves many unanswered questions when it tries to address the many anomalies of experimental data. Part of the problem of neo-Darwinism arises from the use of a material realist ontology—that matter is the ground of being. With such an ontology, it is difficult, if not impossible, to account for the many phenomena of biology that seem to call for downward causation, causal efficacy emanating from higher levels of the biological hierarchy acting on lower levels.
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Goswami, A. (2001). Creativity in Biological Systems. In: The Physicists’ View of Nature. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0527-3_31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0527-3_31
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