Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Human Freedom, Reasoned Will, and the Brain: The Bereitschaftspotential Story

  • Chapter
The Bereitschaftspotential

Abstract

The Bereitschaftspotential story began when on a sunny Saturday in the spring of 1964 Hans Helmut Kornhuber (then Dozent and chief physician at the Department of Neurology, head, Professor Richard Jung, University Hospital, Freiburg/Breisgau) and Lüder Deecke (his doctoral student) went for lunch to the ‘Gasthaus zum Schwanen’ at the foot of the Schloßberg hill. Sitting alone in the beautiful garden they discussed their frustration with research on the brain as a passive system prevailing worldwide and their desire to investigate self-initiated action (Kornhuber & Deecke, 1990).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alesch F, Deecke L (1995) Chirurgische Behandlungsmethoden bei Morbus Parkinson.Neuropsychiatrie9 Suppl 1: S42-S44

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally aggregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex.Ann Rev Neurosci9: 357–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander G (1994) Basal ganglia - thalamocortical cortical circuits: Their role in control of movements.J Clin Neuro-physiol11: 420–431

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asenbaum S, Oldenkott B, Lang W, Lindinger G, Deecke L (1990) Motor sequences in patients with unilateral SMA lesions: Movement-related potentials and motor disorders. In: Brunia CHM, Gaillard AWK, Kok A, eds.,:Psy-chophysiologicalBrain Research. Vol. I, Tilburg University Press, pp 119–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Asendorpf JB (1999)Psychologie der Persönlichkeit. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechinger D, Kongehl G, Kornhuber HH (1972) Eine Hypothese für die physiologische Grundlage des Größensehens: Quantitative Untersuchungen der Informationsübertragung für Längen und Richtungen mit Punkten und Linien.Arch Psychiat Nervenkr215: 181–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker W, Hoehne O, Iwase K, Kornhuber HH (1971) Bereitschaftspotential, prämotorische Positivierung und andere Hirnpotentiale bei sakkadischen Augenbewegungen.Vision Res12: 421 - 436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beisteiner R, Gomiscek G, Erdler M, Teichtmeister C, Moser E, Deecke L (1995a) Funktionelles Magnet Resonanz Imaging (fMRI) - Ergebnisse und Kombinationsmöglichkeiten mit der Magneto- und Elektroenzaphalographie. In: W Lang, L Deecke, HC Hopf, eds.,:Topographische Diagnostik des Gehirns. Springer Wien Vh Dt Ges Neural 9: 189–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Beisteiner R, Gomiscek G, Erdler M, Teichtmeister C, Moser E, Deecke L (1995b) Comparing localization of conventional functional magnetic resonance imaging and Magnetoencephalography.Eur J Neurosci7: 1221–1224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beisteiner R, Erdler M, Teichtmeister C, Diemling M, Moser E, Edward V, Deecke L (1997) Magnetoencephalography may help to improve functional MRI brain mapping.Eur J Neurosci9: 1072–1077

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beisteiner R, Vrba J, Deecke L (1998) Methods and applications of magnetoencephalography. Chapter 10 in: GK von Schulthess, J Hennig, eds.,Functional imaging. Lippincott-Raven pp 409–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieri P (2001)Das Handwerk der Freiheit. Über die Entdeckung des eigenen Willens. Hanser, München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder W, Kornhuber HH, Waiblinger G (1984) Benzodiazepinsucht, unsere iatrogene Seuche - 175 Fälle von Benzodi-azepinabhängigikeit.Öff Gesundh Wes46: 80 - 86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boschert J, Hink RF, Deecke L (1983) Finger movement versus toe movement-related potentials: further evidence for supplementary motor area (SMA) participation prior to voluntary action.Exp Brain Res52(1): 73–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boschert J, Deecke L (1986) Cerebral potentials preceding voluntary toe, knee and hip movements and their vectors in human precentral gyrus.Brain Res376(1): 175–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RG Limousin-Dowsey P Brown P Jahanshahi M Pollak P Benabid AL Rodriguez-Oroz MC Obseo J Rothwell JC(1999) Impact of deep brain stimulation on upper limb akinesia in Parkinson’s disease.Ann Neurol45, 473–488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Obeso JA, Vitek JL, DeLong MR, Bakay R, Linazasoro G, Brooks DJ (1994) Restoration of thalamocortical activity after postero-ventral pallidotomy in Parkinson’s disease.Lancet344: 814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheyne D, Kristeva R, Deecke L (1991) Homuncular organization of human motor cortex as indicated by neuromagnetic recordings.Neurosci Lett122: 17–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christ KJ, Kornhuber HH (1980) Treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis by ultrasound-controlled bladder training.Arch Psychiat Nervenkr228: 191–195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creutzfeldt OD (1983)Cortex cerebri. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo pp 145–149

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cui RQ, Huter D, Lang W, Lindinger G, Beisteiner R, Deecke L (1996) Multichannel DC current source density mapping of the Bereitschaftspotential in the supplementary and primary motor area preceding differently loaded movements.Brain Topography9(2): 83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cui RQ, Deecke L (1999) High resolution DC-EEG analysis of the Bereitschaftspotential and post movement onset potentials accompanying uni- or bilateral voluntary finger movements.Brain Topography11: 233–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui RQ, Huter D, Lang W, Deecke L (1999) Neuroimage of voluntary movement: Topography of the Bereitschaftspotential,a 64-channel DC current source density study.Neuroimage9: 124–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui RQ, Huter D, Egkher A, Lang W, Lindinger G, Deecke L (2000) High resolution DC EEG mapping of the Bereitschaftspotential preceding simple or complex bimanual sequential finger movement.Exp Brain Res134:49–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunnington R, Iansek R, Bradshaw JL, Phillips JG (1995) Movement-related potentials in Parkinson’s disease: Presence and predictability of temporal and spatial cues.Brain118: 935–950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunnington R, Windischberger C, Deecke L, Moser E (1999) The use of single event fMRI and fuzzy clustering analysis to examine haemodynamic response time courses in supplementary motor and primary motor cortical areas.Bio-med Technik44 (Suppl 2): 116–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunnington R, Erdler M, Mayer D, Asenbaum S, Deecke L (2000) Premovement cortical activity in hemi-Parkinson’s disease: a study of whole-scalp magnetoencephalography.Movement Disorders15 (Suppl 3): 82

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunnington R, Windischberger C, Deecke L, Moser E (2002) The preparation and execution of self-initiated and externally-triggered movement: a study of event-related fMRI.NeuroImage15: 373–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L (1974)Die corticalen Potentiale des Menschen vor raschen willkürlichen Fingerbewegungen. Habilitationss-chrift. University of Ulm Library

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L (1987) Bereitschaftspotential as an indicator of movement preparation in supplementary motor area and motor cortex. In: R. Porter (Ed),Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex. Wiley. Chichester, Ciba Found Symp 132: pp 231–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L (1990) Electrophysiological correlates of movement initiation.Rev Neurol146/10: 612–619

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L (1996) Planning, preparation, execution, and imagery of volitional action. (Introduction/Editorial) in: Deecke L, Lang W, Berthoz A, eds., Mental representations of motor acts.Cogn Brain Res3 (2, Special Issue): 59–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Scheid P, Kornhuber HH (1969) Distribution of readiness potential, pre-motion positivity and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements.Exp Brain Res1: 158 -168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Grözinger B, Kornhuber HH (1976a) Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory.Biol Cybern23: 99–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Schmitt G, Kornhuber HH (1976b) Bereitschaftspotential in parkinsonian patients. pp 169 - 171 in McCallum WC, Knott JR, eds.,The responsive brain. Bristol, John Wright.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Englitz H-G, Kornhuber HH, Schmitt G (1977) Cerebral potentials preceding voluntary movement in patients with bilateral or unilateral Parkinson akinesia pp 151–163 in Desmedt JE, ed.,Attention, voluntary contraction,and event-related cerebral potentials. Prog Clin Neurophysiol 1, Karger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Kornhuber HH (1978) An electrical sign of participation of the mesial ’supplementary’ motor cortex in human voluntary finger movement.Brain Res159: 473–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Grözinger B, Kristeva R (1978) Hemispherical differences of cerebral potentials preceding right and left unilateral and bilateral finger movements in right-handed subjects.Pflügers Arch373 (Suppl): R74

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Becker W, Jürgens R, Mergner T (1979) Interaction of vestibular and somatosensory afferents for perception and postural control. Editorial. Agressologie 20, C: 179–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Eisinger H, Kornhuber HH (1980) Comparison of Bereitschaftspotential, pre-motion positivity and motor potential preceding voluntary flexion and extension movements in man. In: Kornhuber HH, Deecke L, eds.,Motivation,motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use. Amsterdam,Elsevier,Prog Brain ResVol 54: pp 171–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Weinberg H, Brickett P (1982) Magnetic fields of the human brain accompanying voluntary movement.Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld.Exp Brain Res48: 144–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Boschert J, Weinberg W, Brickett P (1983) Magnetic fields of the human brain (Bereitschaftsfeld) preceding voluntary foot and toe movements.Exp Brain Res52: 81–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Heise B, Kornhuber HH, Lang M, Lang W (1984) Brain potentials associated with voluntary manual tracking:Bereitschaftspotential, conditioned pre-motion positivity, directed attention potential, and relaxation potential.Anticipatory activity of the limbic and frontal cortex. In: Karrer R, Cohen J, Tueting P, eds.,Ann NY Acad Sci Vol425: 450–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Kornhuber HH, Lang W, Lang M, Schreiber H (1985) Timing functions of the frontal cortex in sequential motor- and learning tasks.Hum Neurobiol4: 143–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Engel M, Lang W, Kornhuber HH (1986) Bereitschaftspotential preceding speech after holding breath.Exp Brain Res65: 219–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Lang W, Heller HJ, Hufhagl M, Kornhuber HH (1987) Bereitschaftspotential in patients with unilateral lesions of the supplementary motor area.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat50: 1430–1434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Lang W (1996) Generation of movement-related potentials and fields in the supplementary sensorimotor area and the primary motor area. In: Lüders HO, ed.,Supplementary Sensorimotor Area - Advances in Neurology. Vol 70 Lippincott/Raven Publishers pp 127–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Deecke L, Gebhard J, (2001) Multiple Sklerose: Ein Leiden mit ’tausend Gesichtern. ’KURIER29. 1. p 31

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLong MR (1990) Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin.Trends Neurosci13: 281–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dick JPR, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Cantello R, Buruma O, Gioux M, Benecke R, Berardelli A, Thompson PD, Marsden CD(1989) The Bereitschaftspotential is abnormal in Parkinson’s disease.Brain112: 233–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diekmann V, Grözinger B, Kornhuber HH, Kriebel J, Bock H (1980) Evidence for the cerebral origin of the R-wave in the pig. pp 103 - 108 in Kornhuber HH, Deecke L, eds.,Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain:Electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use. Progr Brain Res 54, Amsterdam,Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles JC, Zeier H (1980)Gehirn und Geist. Zürich, Kindler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles JC (1982) The initiation of voluntary movements by the supplementary motor area.Arch Psychiat Nervenkr231:423–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles JC (1990) The evolution of cerebral asymmetry. In: L Deecke, JC Eccles, VBMountcastle, eds.,From Neuron to Action. Springer Berlin etc.,, pp. 315–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdler M, Beisteiner R, Mayer D, Kaindl T, Edward V, Windischberger C, Lindinger G, Deecke L (2000) Supplementary motor area activation preceding voluntary movement is detectable with a whole scalp magnetoencephalography system.Neurolmage11: 697–707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst C, von Luckner N (1985)Stellt die Frühkindheit die Weichen? Enke, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feve AP, Bathien N, Rondot P (1992) Chronic administration of L-Dopa affects the movement-related cortical potentials of patients with Parkinson’s disease.Clin Neuropharmacol15: 100–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foerster O (1936) Motorische Felder und Bahnen. In: O Bumke, O Foerster, eds.,Handbuch der NeurologieVol IV p 4

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiselmann B, Kornhuber HH (1981) Dezentrale Therapie der Multiplen Sklerose durch Hausärzte, Gemeindeschwestern und Angehörige.Dtsch Med Wschr106: 15 -18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerloff C, Corwell B, Chen R, Hallett M, Cohen LG (1997) Stimulation over the human supplementary motor area interferes with the organization of future elements in complex motor sequences.Brain120: 1587–1602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerschlager W, Alesch F, Cunnington R, Deecke L, Dimberger G, Endl W, Lindinger G, Lang W (1999) Bilateral sub-thalamic nucleus stimulation improves frontal cortex function in Parkinson’s disease. An electrophysiological study of the contingent negative variation.Brain122: 2365–2373

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerschlager W, Bloem BR, Alesch F, Lang W, Deecke L, Cunnington R (2001) Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation does not improve prolonged P300 latencies in Parkinson s disease.J Neurol248: 285–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Göppinger H (1987)Lifestyle and criminality. Springer Berlin, etc.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg G (1987)Neurologische Grundlagen bildlicher Vorstellungen. Springer Wien, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg G, Podreka I, Uhl F, Steiner M, Willmes K, Deecke L (1989) Cerebral correlates of imagining colours, faces and a map -I. SPECT of regional cerebral blood flow.Neuropsychologia27: 1315–1328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafton ST, Waters C, Sutton J, Lew MF, Coudwell W (1995) Pallidotomy increases activity of motor association cortex in Parkinson’s disease: A positron emission tomographic study.Ann Neurol37: 776–783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grözinger B, Kornhuber HH, Kriebel J (1975) Methodological problems in the investigation of cerebral potentials preceding speech: Determining the onset and suppressing artefacts caused by speech.Neurpsychologia13: 263 - 270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grözinger B, Kornhuber HH, Kriebel J, Szirtes J, Westphal KP (1980) The Bereitschaftspotential preceding the act of speeking. Also an analysis of artefacts, pp 798 – 804 in Kornhuber HH, Deecke L, eds.,Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use. Progr Brain Res54, Amsterdam,Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harasko-van der Meer C, Gerschlager W, Lalouschek W, Lindinger G, Deecke L, Lang W (1996) Bereitschaftspotential preceding onset and termination of a movement is abnormal in Parkinson’s disease.Movement Disorders11 Suppl 1: 84

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen H (1987) Perspektiven einer Psychologie des Wollens. pp 121 - 142 in Heckhausen H, Gollwitzer PM,Weinert FE, eds.,Jenseits des Rubikon: Der Wille in den Humanwissenschaften. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg,New York, London, Paris, Tokyo

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hershberger WA, ed (1989)Volitional action: Conation and control. North Holland, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford,Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess WR (1954)Das Zwischenhirn. Basel, Benno Schwabe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess WR (1956)Hypothalmus und Thalamus. Stuttgart, Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber G, Kornhuber HH, eds., (since 1993)NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN RESEARCH, Springer, Berlin,Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, now Ulm University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda A, Lüders HO, Burgess RC, Shibasaki H (1993) Movement-related potentials associated with single and repetitive movements recorded from human supplementary motor area.Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol89: 269–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Jenkins HI, Brown RG, Marsden CD, Passingham RE, Brooks CD (1995) Self-initiated versus externally-triggered movements: I. An investigation using regional cerebral blood flow and movement-related potentials in normals and in patients with Parkinson’s disease.Brain, 118, 913–933.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins IH, Fernandez W, Playford ED, Lees AJ, Frackowiak REJ, Passingham RE, Brooks DJ (1992) Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson’s disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomor-phine.Ann Neurol32: 749–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juncos J, DeLong MR (1997) Parkinson’s disease and basal ganglia movement disorders. Chapter XV in 11 Neurology in: DC Dale, DD Federman, eds.,:Scientific American Medicine. New York, Scientific American

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Kornhuber HH, Schmid-Burgk W et al. (1980) Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in schizophrenic patients and a new hypothesis on schizophrenia.Neurosci Lett20: 379–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Kornhuber HH, Brand U, Menge HG (1981) Effects of chronic amphetamine treatment on the glutamate concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain: implications for a theory of schizophrenia.Neurosci Lett24: 93–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiser B, van Reemts J, Horn E, Kornhuber HH (1990) Experimental intracerebral haematoma and treatment with Flunarizine in rats. pp 527 - 529 in Deecke L, Eccles JC, Mountcastle VB, eds.,From Neuron to Action. Springer Berlin, etc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleist K (1934)Gehirnpathologie. Barth, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber A, Kornhuber HH (1980) Blutdruckmessung im Schulunterricht und Blutdruckscreening durch Schulkinder.Therapiewoche30/47: 7874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1955) Über Auslösung cyklothymer Depressionen durch seelische Erschütterungen.Arch Psychiat Z Neurol193: 391 -405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1961) Psychologie und Psychiatrie der Kriegsgefangenschaft. pp 631 - 742 in Gruhle HW, Jung R, Mayer-Gross W, Müller M, eds.,Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Vol III, Springer Berlin, etc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1962)Optisch-vestibuläre und somatisch-vestibuläre Integration an Neuronen der Großhirnrinde. Habilitationsschrift, Freiburg i. Br.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1972) Tastsinn und Lagesinn. pp 51 - 112 in Gauer OH, Kramer K, Jung R, eds.,Physioìogie des Menschen Vol 11. Urban und Schwarzenberg, München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1973a) Neural control of input into long-term memory: limbic system and amnestic syndrome in man. pp 1 - 22 in Zimppel HP, ed..Memory and transfer of information. Plenum, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1973b) Discussion to Kurtzberg and Vaughan pp 142 - 145 in Zikmund W, ed.,The oculomomotor system and brain functions. Butterworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1974a) Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia: an introduction to their motor functions. pp 267 -280 in Schmitt FO, Worden FG, eds.,The Neurosciences: Third Study Program. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1974b ) The vestibuar system and the general motor system. pp 581 - 620 in Kornhuber HH, ed.,Handbook of Sensory PhysiologyVol 6 vestibular system part 2, Springer Berlin etc.,.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1977) Hat unsere Gesundheit noch Zukunft?Mensch, Medizin, Gesellschaft2: 103–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1978a) Blickmotorik. pp 357 - 426 in Gauer, Kramer, Jung, eds.,Physiologie des MenschenVol 13, Urban und Schwarzenberg, München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1978b) Zur Situation der Familie.Kinderarzt9: 1319 - 1325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1978c) Hilfe zur Lebensorientierung. Das Studium generale an der Universität Ulm.Ulmer Forum48: 24 -27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1978d) Wahrnehmung und Informationsverarbeitung. pp 783 - 798 in Stamm RA, Zeier H, eds.,Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts. Vol VI. Kindler, Zürich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1978e) Geist und Freiheit als biologische Probleme. pp 1122 - 1130 in Stamm RA, Zeier H, eds.,Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts. Vol VI. Kindler, Zürich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1982) Primärprävention des Zigarettenrauchens. pp 126 - 133 inRauchen oder Gesundheit - politische, präventive und therapeutische Aspekte. Neuland-Verlagsgesellschaft Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1983) Präventive NeurologicNervenarzt54: 57 - 68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1984a) Attention, readiness for action and the stages of voluntary decision - some electrophysiological correlates in man.Experimental Brain Research Suppl 9(Springer, Berlin etc., ): 420 - 429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1984b) Von der Freiheit pp 83 -112 in Lindauer M, Schöpf A, eds., Wie erkennt die Mensch die Welt?Grundlagen des Erkennens, Fühlens und Handelns. Geistes- und Naturwissenschaftler im Dialog. Ernst Klett, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1984c) Bluthochdruck und Alkoholkonsum. pp 149 - 162 in Rosenthal J, ed.,Arterielle Hypertonie. Springer Berlin etc.,.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1985) Wie Familienpolitik und der Kampf gegen die Arbeitslosigkeit zusammenhängen.Die geistige Weltp 17, 22. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1986a) in Weigelt K, ed.,Die Tagsordnung der Zukunft. Bouvier/Grundmann, Bonn. pp 107 - 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1986b) Bessere Gesundheit start bloßer Kostendämprung - Was unserer Gesundheit not tut und wie es bezahlt werden kann.Öff Ges-Wes48: 167–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1987) Handlungsentschluß, Aufmerksamkeit und Lernmotivation im Spiegel menschlicher Hirnpoten-tiale. Mit Bemerkungen zu Wille und Freiheit. pp 376 - 401 in Heckhausen H, Gollwitzer PM, Weinert FE, eds.,Jenseits des Rubikon: Der Wille in den Humanwissenschaften. Springer, Berlin etc.,.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1988a) Das Risiko Benzodiazepin.Dtsch Ärzteblatt85: A–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1988b) Mehr Forschungseffizienz durch objektivere Beurteilung von Forschungsleistungen. pp 361 -382 in Daniel HD, Fisch R, eds.,Evaluation von Forschung. Universitätsverlag Konstanz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1988c) The human brain: from dream and cognition to phantasy, will, conscience and freedom, pp 241 -258 in Markowitsch HJ, ed.,Information processing by the brain. Toronto, Lewiston, Bern, Stuttgart. Hans Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1989) Überwachung von Säuglingen durch Heimmonitore.Dt Ärztebl86: A3589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1990) Vom täglichen Alkohol und der Menschwürde.Deutsche Richterzeitung. Feb 1990: 49 - 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1992) Gehim, Wille, Freiheit.Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale2: 203 - 2223..

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1993) Prefrontal cortex and Homo sapiens: on creativity and reasoned will.Neurol Psychiat Brain Res2: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1994)Von der Forschung und vom Weg dahin. Universitätsverlag Ulm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1995) Präfrontalcortex-Funktion und Homo sapiens. In: W Lang, L Deecke, HC Hopf, eds.,:Topog-raphische Diagnostik des Gehirns. Vh Dt Ges Neurol9: 40–48. Springer, Wien New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1997a) Alzheimer-Demenz. pp 151–158 in Lauritzen C, ed.,Altersgynäkologie, Thieme Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1997b) On the promotion of research.Neurol Psychiat Brain Res5: 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (1998) Cerebral microangiopathy, anaerobic infection, and the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease.Neurol Psychiat Brain Res5: 209 - 212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH (2001)Alkohol-Auch der ’normale’ Konsum schadet. Urban und Vogel. München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Deecke L (1964) Hirnpotentialänderungen beim Menschen vor und nach Willkürbewegungen, dargestellt mit Magnetbandspeicherung und Rückwärtsanalyse.Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol281: 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Deecke L (1965) Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen:Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale.Pflügers Arch284: 1–17 ’Citation Classic’

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Widder B, Christ KJ (1980) The measurement of residual urine by means of ultrasound (sonocystography) in neurogenic bladder disturbances.Arch Psychiat Nervenkr228: 1 - 6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Riebler R (1984)Mit der Multiplen Sklerose leben. Die häusliche Behandlung der MS. Schattauer Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Backhaus B, Kornhuber AW, Kornhuber J (1989) Riskfactors and the prevention of stroke. pp 191 - 212 in Amery WK, Bousser MG, Rose FC, eds.,Clinical trial methodology in stroke. Bailliere Tindall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Deecke L, Lang W, Lang M (1989) Will, volitional action, attention and cerebral potentials in man: Bereitschaftspotential, performance-related potentials, directed attention potential, EEG spectrum changes. pp 107 - 168 in Hershberger WA, ed.,Volitional action. Elsevier Science/North Holland.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Deecke L (1990) Readiness for movement - The Bereitschaftspotential-Story,Current Contents Life Sciences33, 4Citation ClassicsJanuary 22: 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornhuber HH, Mauch E (1995)Immunsuppressive und symptomatische Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose. Klinikarzt 3/24: 114–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriebel J, Grözinger B, Kornhuber HH (1990) The R-wave. Biography of a brain potential. pp 443 - 447 in Deecke L, Eccles JC, Mountcastle VB, eds.,From Neuron to Action. Springer, Berlin etc.,.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristeva R, Keller E, Deecke L, Kornhuber HH (1979) Cerebral potentials preceding unilateral and bilateral simultaneous finger movements.Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol47: 229–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristeva R, Deecke L (1980) Cerebral potentials preceding right and left unilateral and bilateral finger movements in sinistrals. In: HH Kornhuber, L Deecke, eds.,Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use. Progr Brain ResVol 54 Elsevier Amsterdam 748–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang W, Lang M, Kornhuber A, Deecke L, Kornhuber HH (1983) Human cerebral potentials and visuo-motor learning.Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol399: 342 - 344.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang W, Lang M, Heise B, Deecke L, Kornhuber HH (1984) Brain potentials related to voluntary hand tracking, motivation and attention.Hum Neurobiol3: 235 - 240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang W, Lang M, Kornhuber A, Kornhuber HH (1986) Electrophysiological evidence for a right frontal lobe dominance in spatial visuomotor learning.Arch Ital Biol124: 1 - 13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang W, Cheyne D, Kristeva R, Beisteiner R, Lindinger G, Deecke L (1991) Three-dimensional localization of SMA activity preceding voluntary movement. A study of electric and magnetic fields in a patient with infarction of the right supplementary motor area.Exp Brain Res87: 688–695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang W, Deecke L (1998) Psychophysiologie der Motorik. Chapter 5 in: F Rösier, ed., Volume 5 Ergebnisse und Anwendungen der Psychophysiologie.Enzyklopädie der Psychologic Serie I Biologische Psychologic Hogrefe Göttingen, pp 225–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang W, Lalouschek W, on behalf of the Vienna Stroke Study Group (2001) The Vienna Stroke Registry - Objectives and Methodology.Wiener Klin Wochenschr113: 141–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Libet B, Gleason CA, Wright EW, Pearl DK (1983) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential).Brain106: 623–642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libet B (1985) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action.Behav & Brain Sci8: 529–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Libet B, Freeman A, Sutherland K, eds (1999) The volitional brain: towards a neuroscience of free will. Imprint Academic, Thorverton, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Limousin P Brown RG Jahanshahi M Asselman P Quinn N Thomas D Obeso J Rothwell JC (1999) The effects of posteroventral pallidotomy on the preparation and execution of voluntary hand and arm movements in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 122, 315–327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindauer M, Schöpf A, eds (1984)Wie erkennt die Mensch die Welt? Grundlagen des Erkennens, Fühlens und Handelns. Geistes- und Naturwissenschaftler im Dialog. Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindinger G, Svasek P, Lang W, Deecke L (1991) PC-supported 64-channel DC-EEG amplifier. In: Adlassnig KP, Grabner G, Bengtsson S, Hansen R, eds.,Lecture notes in medical informatics45. Springer Berlin etc., pp 1005–1009

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindinger G, Baumgartner C, Burgess R, Lüders H, Deecke L (1994) Topographic analysis of epileptic spikes using spherical splines and spline laplacian (CSD).J Neurol241: 276–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden CD, Obeso JA (1994) The functions of the basal ganglia and the paradox of stereotaxic surgery in Parkinson’s disease.Brain117: 877–897

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden CD, Deecke L, Freund H-J, Hallett M, Passingham RE, Shibasaki H, Tanji J, Wiesendanger M (1996) The functions of the supplementary motor area: Summary of a workshop. In HO Lüders, ed.,Advances in Neurology, Vol. 70:Supplementary Sensorimotor Area, pp 477–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay MD (1984) Source density analysis of scalp potentials during evaluated action I. coronal distribution.Exp Brain Res54: 73–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG, Macko KA (1983) Object vision and spatial vision: the two cortical pathways.Trends Neurosci6: 414–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamine T, Kkaji R, Suwazono S, Hamano T, Shibasaki H, Kimura J (1992) Current source density mapping of soma-tosensory evoked responses following median and tibial nerve stimulation.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol84: 248–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noelle-Neumann E (1978) Die Wiederentdeckung der Freiheit. Mit der Demoskopie auf der Spur eines Begriffs.Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung48: 10, 1. 3. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Playford ED, Jenkins IH, Passingham RE, Nutt J, Frackowiak RSJ, Brooks DJ (1992) Impaired mesial frontal and puta-men activation in Parkinson’s disease: a positron emission tomography study.Ann Neurol32: 151–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penfield W, Rasmussen AI (1950)Cerebral cortex of man. A clinical study of localization of function. Mac Millan, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Rascol O, Sabatini U, Chollet F, Celis P, Montastruc JC, Marc-Vergnes JP, Rascol A (1992) Supplementary and primary sensory motor area activity in Parkinson’s disease. Regional cerebral blood flow changes during finger movements and effects of apomorphine.Arch Neurol49: 144–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rektor I, Kubova D, Bares M (2001) Movement-related potentials in the basal ganglia: an SEEG readiness potential study.Clin Neurophysiol112: 2146–2153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner A, Kornhuber HH (1987) An improved home-use monitor to detect apnea associated with sudden infant death.Verh Dt Ges Neur4: 742 - 743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth G (2001)Fühlen, Denken, Handeln. Wie das Gehirn unser Verhalten steuert. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber H, Lang M, Lang W, Kornhuber A, Heise B, Keidel M, Deecke L, Komhuber HH (1983) Frontal hemispheric differences of the Bereitschaftspotential associated with writing and drawing.Hum Neurobiol2: 197–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shallice T (1982) Specific impairments of planning.Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond298: 199 - 209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shima K, Aya K, Mushiake H, Inase M, Aizawa H, Tanji J (1991) Two movement-related foci in the primate cingulate cortex observed in signal-triggered and self-paced forelimb movements.J Neurophysiol65: 188–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson JA, Khuraibet AJ (1986) Readiness potential of cortical area 6 in Parkinson’s disease. Evidence for a dopa-minergic striatal control of postural set involving supplementary motor area.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat49: 475

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson JA, Khuraibet AJ (1987) Readiness potential of cortical area 6 preceding self paced movement in Parkinson’s disease.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat50: 1184–1191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwäbische Zeitung (1978) Logopädie-Schule nimmt den Lehrbetrieb auf. 3. 5. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot WH, Darian-Smith I, Kornhuber HH, Mountcastle VB (1968) The sense of flutter-vibration: comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand.J Neurophysiol31: 301–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanji J (1994) The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex.Neurosci Res19: 251–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl F, Goldenberg G, Lang W, Lindinger G, Steiner M, Deecke L (1990) Cerebral correlates of imanimng colours, faces and a map - II. Negative cortical DC-potentials.Neuropsychologia28: 81–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldvogel R (1982) Gespräch mit Hans Helmut Kornhuber, Universität Ulm: Plädoyer für das Studium generale. Weitblick kann vor Lockrufen auf Glatteis bewahren. Trotz Anfechtung bleibt der Professor beim Glauben an Wissensdurst der Studenten über das eigene Fach hinaus.Schwäbische Zeitung Nr. 141, 19. 2. 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter WG, Cooper R, Aldridge VJ, McCallum WC, Winter AI (1964) Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensori-motor association and expectancy in the human brain.Nature203: 380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widder B, Kornhuber HH, Renner A (1983) Restharnmessung in der ambulanten Versorgung mit einem Klein-Ultraschall-Gerät.Dt Med Wschr108: 1552 -1555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Vienna, Austria

    Lüder Deecke

  2. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Functional Brain Topography, Vienna, Austria

    Lüder Deecke

  3. Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Germany

    Hans Helmut Kornhuber (Professor Emeritus, formerly Head)

Authors
  1. Lüder Deecke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hans Helmut Kornhuber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK

    Marjan Jahanshahi

  2. Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Mark Hallett

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Deecke, L., Kornhuber, H.H. (2003). Human Freedom, Reasoned Will, and the Brain: The Bereitschaftspotential Story. In: Jahanshahi, M., Hallett, M. (eds) The Bereitschaftspotential. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0189-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0189-3_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4958-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0189-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation