Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pathogen Survival in Swine Manure Environments and Transmission of Human Enteric Illness—A Reviewa

  • Chapter
Hog Manure Management, the Environment and Human Health

Abstract

The influence of zoonotic pathogens in animal manure on human health and well-being as direct or indirect causes of human enteric illness is examined. Available international data are considered, but the study is focused on the developing situation in western Canada, where it is certain there will be further rapid growth in livestock numbers, particularly hogs. Major pathogens considered are Escherichia coli Ol57:H7, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. Canada is now the leading exporter of pork internationally, but recent increases in production contrasts with constant domestic levels of pork consumption and declining levels of foodborne illness caused by pork. Effects of increased levels of manure production are not quantifiable in terms of effects on human health. The presence of major pathogens in manure and movement to human food sources and water are considered on the basis of available data. Survival of the organisms in soil, manure, and water indicate significant variability in resistance to environmental challenge which are characteristic of the organisms themselves. Generally, pathogens survived longer in environmental samples at cool temperatures but differences were seen in liquid and solid manure. Based on actual data plus some data extrapolated from cattle manure environments, holding manure at 25°C for 3 months will render it free from the pathogens considered above.

This review evaluates the survival of zoonotic-based protozoan and bacterial pathogens in soil, water, and manure. We focus on several aspects related to the issue, including improper manure handling and foodborne illness, the effect of increased hog production, and environmental survival of the major zoonotic pathogens from swine and cattle.

a This chapter was published, by permission American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and the Soil Science Society of America: Guan T. Y. and R. A. Holley (2003) Journal of Environmental Quality, 32:383–392.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anonymous. 2001. Annual report on zoonoses in Denmark 2000. The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloda, S. B., L. Christensen, and S. Trajcevska. 2001. Persistence of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT12 clone in a piggery and in agricultural soil amended with Salmonella-contaminated slurry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2859-2862.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besser, R. E., S. M. Lett, J. T. Weber, M. P. Doyle, T. J. Barett, J. G. Wells, and P. M. Griffin. 1993.An outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh-pressed apple cider. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 269:2217-2220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beutin, L., D. Geier, H. Steinruck, S. Zimmermann, and F. Scheutz. 1993. Prevalence and some properties of verotoxin (shiga-like toxin)-producing Escherichia coli in seven different species of healthy domestic animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2483-2488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binnie, M. A. 1999. February designated Canadian pork month [Online]. Canadian Pork Council.URL: http://www.cpc-ccp.com/communic%5C99-Q2-01.pdf (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaser, M. J., H. L. Hardesty, B. Powers, and W. L. Wang. 1980. Survival of Campylobacter fetus subsp.jejuni in biological milieus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11:309-313.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, D. J., C. M. Byrne, J. J. Sheridan, D. A. McDowell, I. S. Blair, and T. Hegarty. 1999. The survival characteristics of a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7. In: G. Duffy,P. Garvey, J. Coia, Y. Wasteson, and D. A. McDowell (eds.). Verocytotoxigenic E. coli in Europe.2. Survival and growth of verocytotoxigenic E. coli. Teagasc, The National Food Centre, Dublin,Ireland, pp. 28-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buswell, C. M., Y. M. Herlihy, L. M. Lawrence, J. T. M. McGuiggan, P. D. Marsh, C. W. Keevil,and S. A. Leach. 1998. Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent-antibody and-rRNA staining.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:733-741.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Can.-MB Infrastr. Prog. (CMIP). 2001a. Infrastructure Program addressing Balmoral boil water advisory [Online]. URL: http://www.infrastructure.mb.ca/e/news010427t_bl.html (Accessed: April 5, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Can.-MB Infrastr. Prog. (CMIP). 2001b. Infrastructure Program addressing Haywood boil water advisory [Online]. URL: http://www.infrastructure.mb.ca/e/news010427t-b3.html (Accessed: April 5, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Pork Council (CPC). 2001. Statistics [Online]. URL: http://www.cpc-ccp.com/stats.html(Accessed: April 2, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI). 2000. Outbreaks traced to USDA-regulated foods,1990-2000 [Online]. URL: http://www.cspinet.org/reports/outbreak-alert/appendix-b.htm(Accessed: April 1, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1998. Plesiomonas shigelloides and Salmonella serotype Hartford infections associated with contaminated water supply-Livingston County,New York, 1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47:394-396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, W-L, R-J Ding, and R-S Chen. 1988. Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in the environment.Can. J. Microbiol. 34:753-756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, P. A., C. A. Siddons, A. T. Cerdan Malo, and M. A. Harkin. 1997. A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. Epidemiol. Infect. 119:245-250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cieslak, P. R., T. J. Barett, P. M. Griffin, K. F. Gensheimer, G. Beckett, J. Buffington, and M. G. Smith.1993. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection from a manured garden. Lancet, 342:367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Composting Council of Canada (CCC). 2002. Setting the standard: a summary of compost standards in Canada [Online]. URL: http://www.compost.org/standard.html (Accessed: April 10, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crampin, M., G. Willshaw, R. Hancock, T. Djuretic, C. Elstob, A. Rouse, T. Cheasty, and J. Stuart.1999. Outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157 infection associated with a music festival. Eur.J. Clin.Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18:286-288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D'Allaire, S., L. Goulet, and J. Brodeur. 1999. Literature review on the impacts of hog production on public health [Online]. Symposium of the Hog Environmental Management Strategy(Livestock Environmental Initiative). URL: http://res2.agr.ca/initiatives/manurenet/en/hems/hems2/h2-Communications.html(Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • DesRosiers, A., J. M. Fairbrother, R. P. Johnson, C. Desautels, A. Letellier, and S. Quessy. 2001.Phenotypic genotypic characterization of Escherichia coli verotoxin-producing isolates from humans pigs. J. Food Protect. 64:1904-1911.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Environmental News Network (ENN). 1997. Food gardeners urged to avoid fresh manure [Online].URL: http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/1997/06/060397/06039711.asp (Accessed: April 4, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming R. 1999. Cryptosporidium: is manure a contributor? [Online] Agri-food research in Ontario.URL: http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/research/magazine/summer99/pdfs/p22-23.pdf(Accessed: April 10, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). 1996. Nationwide pork microbiological baseline data collection program: market hogs [Online]. URL: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/baseline/markhogl.pdf and http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/baseline/markhog2.pdf (Accessed: April 11,2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). 2002. Progress report on Salmonella testing of raw meat and poultry products, 1998-2001 [Online]. URL: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ophs/haccp/ salm4vear.htm (Accessed: May 1, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goss, M. J., D. A. J. Barry, and D. L. Rudolph. 1998. Contamination in Ontario farmstead domestic wells and its association with agriculture: 1. Results from drinking water wells. J. Contam. Hydrol. 32:267-293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M. W. 2000. The new face of foodborne illness. CMS A News, Can. Meat Sci. Assoc, Ottawa ON, March: 6-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, X., J. Chen, R. E. Brackett, and L. R. Beuchat. 2002. Survival of Salmonella on tomatoes stored at high relative humidity, in soil, and on tomatoes in contact with soil. J. Food Protect. 65:274-279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gyles, C. L., R. Friendship, K. Ziebell, S. Johnson, I. Yong, and R. Amezcua. 2002. Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 in pigs. Expert Committee on Meat and Poultry Products, Canada Committee on Food, Can. Agri-Food Res. Council, September 16-17, Guelph ON.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hald, T., and H. C. Wegener. 1999. Quantitative assessment of the sources of human salmonellosis attributable to pork [Online]. Proceedings, 3rd international symposium on the epidemiology and control of Salmonella in pork, Washington D. C, August 5-7, 1999. URL: http:// www.isecsp99.org (Accessed: April 17, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada. 2000. Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a contaminated municipal water supply, Walkerton, Ontario,

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada. 2000. Can. Comm. Dis. Rep. 26:170-173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada. 2001. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak, North Battleford, Saskatchewan, spring 2001. Can. Comm. Dis. Rep. 27:185-192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuvelink, A. E., J. T. M. Zwartkruis-Nahuis, F. L. A. M. van den Biggelaar, W. J. van Leeuwen, and E. de Boer. 1999. Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157 from slaughter pigs and poultry. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 52: 67-75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himathongkham, S., S. Bahari, H. Riemann, and D. Oliver. 1999. Survival of Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 178:251-257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoxie, N. J., J. P. Davis, J. M. Vergeront, R. D. Nashold, and K. A. Blair. 1997. Cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality following a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Am. J. Public Health, 87:2032-2035.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacson, M., P. H. Canter, P. Effler, L. Arntzen, P. Bomans, and R. Heenan. 1993. Haemorrhagic colitis epidemic in Africa. Lancet, 341:961.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. G., R. B. Goodbrand, R. P. Johnson, V. G. Odorico, D. Alves, K. Rahn, J. B. Wilson, M. K. Welch, and R. Khakhria. 1998. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 diarrhoea associated with well water and infected cattle on an Ontario farm. Epidemiol. Infect. 120:17-20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, G., Y. Wasteson, E. Heir, O. I. Berget, and H. Herikstad. 2001. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 65:193-200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joy, D. M., H. Lee, C. M. Reaume, H. R. Whiteley, and S. Zelin. 1998. Microbial contamination of subsurface tile drainage water from field applications of liquid manure. Can. Agric. Engin. 40:153-160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karapinar, M., and S. A. Gonul. 1991. Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica and Escherichia coli in spring water. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 13:315-320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, T. E., M. J. Larkin, J. P. Frost, and P. N. Levett. 1993. Survival of pathogenic bacteria during mesophilic anaerobic digestion of animal waste. J. Appl. Bacteriod. 75: 215-219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kudva, I. T., K. Blanch, and C. J. Hovde. 1998. Analysis of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 survival in ovine or bovine manure and manure slurry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3166-3174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Licence, K., K. R. Oates, B. A. Synge, and T. M. S. Reid. 2001. An outbreak of E. coli 0157 infection with evidence of spread from animals to man through contamination of a private water supply. Epidemiol. Infect. 126:135-138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mac Kenzie, W. R., N. J. Hoxie, M. E. Proctor, M. S. Gradus, K. A. Blair, D. E. Peterson, J. J. Kazmierczak, D. G. Addiss, K. R. Fox, J. B. Rose, and J. P. Davis. 1994. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N. Engl. J. Med. 331:161-167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manitoba Rural Water Quality (MRWQ). 1999. Manure management [Online]. URL: http:// www.cwra.org/branches/arts/manitoba/publpagel.html (Accessed: April 5, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard, P. S., K. F. Gensheimer, D. G. Addiss, D. M. Sosin, G. A. Beckett, A. Houck-Jankoski, and A. Hudson. 1994. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 272:1592-1596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitscherlich, E., and E. H. Marth. 1984. Microbial survival in the environment. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 80, 346, 393, 606, 695, 737-738.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Montville, T. J., and K. R. Matthews. 2001. Principles which influence microbial growth, survival, and death in foods. In: M. P. Doyle, L. R. Beuchat, and T. J. Montville (eds.). Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, G. M., C. Newman, S. R. Palmer, J. B. Allen, W. Shepherd, A. M. Rampling, R. E. Warren, R. J. Gross, S. M. Scotland, and H. R. Smith. 1988. First recognized community outbreak of haemorrhagic colitis due to verotoxin producing Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 in the UK. Epidemiol. Infect. 101:83-91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mubiru, D. N., M. S. Coyne, and J. H. Grove. 2000. Mortality of Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 in two soils with different physical and chemical properties. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1821-1825.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakazawa, M., M. Akiba, and T. Sameshima. 1999. Swine as a potential reservoir of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 in Japan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:833-834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, H. 1997. The contamination of organic produce by human pathogens in animal manures [Online]. URL: http://eap.mcgill.ca/SFMC_l.htm (Accessed: April 1, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. E., J. Goh, M. Philips, N. Guselle, and T. A. McAllister. 1999. Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in water, soil, and cattle feces. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1991-1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patriquin, D. G. 2000. Reducing risks from E. coli Ol57:H7 on the organic farm [Online]. Summer 2000 issue of Eco-Farm & Garden, magazine of Canadian Organic Growers. URL: http:// www.cog.ca/efgsummer2000.htm#ecoli (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, S. C., C. L. Gyles, R. C. Clarke, H. Lior, and S. McEwen. 1990. Prevalence of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in ground beef, pork, and chicken in southwestern Ontario. Epidemiol. Infect. 105:11-20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, J. A., E. B. Rosen, and L. S. Coody. 1999. American organic standards: guidelines for the organic industry. Organic Trade Association. pp. 31-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollins, D. M., and R. R. Colwell. 1986. Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:531-538.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santo Domingo, J. W., S. Harmon, and J. Bennett. 2000. Survival of Salmonella species in river water. Curr. Microbiol. 40:409-417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlech, W. F., P. M. Lavigne, R. A. Bortolussi, A. C. Allen, E. V. Haldene, A. J. Wort, A. W. Hightower, S. E. Johnston, S. H. King, E. S. Nicholls, and C. V. Broome. 1983. Epidemic listeriosis-evidence for transmission by food. N. Engl. J. Med. 308:203-206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. 2000. Food consumption in Canada, Part 1 [Online]. URL: http://www.statcan.ca/ english/IPS/Data/32-229-XIB.htm (Accessed: October 28, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. 2001. Food consumption in Canada, Part II [Online]. URL: http://www.statcan.ca/ english/IPS/Data/32-230-XIB.htm (Accessed: October 28, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taormina, P. J., L. R. Beuchat, and L. Slutsker. 1999. Infections associated with eating seed sprouts: an international concern. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: 626-634.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terzieva, S. I., and G. A. McFeters. 1991. Survival and injury of Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica in stream water. Can. J. Microbiol. 37:785-790.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D. 1990. Foodborne disease in Canada, 10-year summary 1975-1984. Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada. Polyscience Publications Inc., Morin Heights, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D. 1991. Foodborne and waterborne disease in Canada, annual summaries 1985 and 1986. Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada. Polyscience Publications Inc., Morin Heights, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., and C. Harboway. 1994. Foodborne and waterborne disease in Canada, annual summary 1987. Health Protection Branch, Health Canada. Polyscience Publications Inc., Morin Heights, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., and P. Chatman. 1996. Foodborne and waterborne disease in Canada, annual summaries 1988 and 1989. Health Protection Branch, Health Canada. Polyscience Publications Inc., Morin Heights, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., and P. Chatman. 1997. Foodborne and waterborne disease in Canada, annual summaries 1990 and 1991. Health Protection Branch, Health Canada. Polyscience Publications Inc., Morin Heights, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., and P. Chatman. 1998. Foodborne and waterborne disease in Canada, annual summaries 1992 and 1993. Health Protection Branch, Health Canada. Polyscience Publications Inc., Laval, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, E. C. D., P. Chatman, and V. Rodrigues. 2000. Annual summaries of foodborne and water-borne disease in Canada, 1994 and 1995, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada. Polyscience Publications Inc., Laval, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschäpe, H., R. Prager, W. Streckel, A. Fruth., E. Tietze, and G. Böhme. 1995. Verotoxinogenic Citrobacter freundii associated with severe gastroenteritis and cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in a nursery school: green butter as the infection source. Epidemiol. Infect. 114:4410-450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1997a. Changes in U.S. swine management practices, 1990-1995 [Online]. National Animal Health Monitoring System. URL: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cahm/Swine/sw95chng.pdf (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA. 1997b. Per capita pork consumption-selected countries [Online]. Foreign Agricultural Service. URL: http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp2/circular/1997/97-03/porkpcap.htm (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA. 1997c. Pork summary-selected countries [Online]. Foreign Agricultural Service. URL: http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp2/circular/1997/97-03/porksumm.htm (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA. 1999. Per capita pork consumption-selected countries [Online]. Foreign Agricultural Service. URL: http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp2/circular/1999/99-10lp/porkpcc.pdf (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA. 2000. Pork summary-selected countries [Online]. Foreign Agricultural Service. URL: http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp/circular/2000/00-03lp/porkpr.pdf (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA. 2001a. Pork summary-selected countries [Online]. Foreign Agricultural Service. URL: http://www.fas.usda.gov/circular/2001/01-03lp/livestock.html (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA. 2001b. Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens in livestock. National Animal Disease Center. Pre-Harvest Food Safety & Enteric Disease Research Unit [Online]. URL: http://www.nadc.ars.usda.gov/research/fs/epidemiology/ (Accessed: April 1, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA. 2002. Pork summary-selected countries [Online]. Foreign Agricultural Service. URL: http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp/circular/2002/02-03LP/pk_sum.pdf (Accessed: April 3, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdes-Dapena Vivanco, M. M., and M. M. Adam. 1983. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in different media and faeces at different temperatures and times of preservation. Acta Microbiol. Hung. 30: 69-74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., and M. P. Doyle. 1998. Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 in water. J. Food Protect. 61:662-667.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., T. Zhao, and M. P. Doyle. 1996. Fate of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 in bovine feces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2567-2570.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weichart, D. H. 1999. Stability and survival of VBNC cells-conceptual and practical implications. In: C. R. Bell, M. Brylinsky, and P. Johnson-Green (eds.). Microbial Biosystems: New frontiers. Proceedings, 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology, Halifax.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zibilske, L. M., and R. W. Weaver. 1978. Effect of environmental factors on survival of Salmonella typhimurium in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 7:593-597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba

    Tiffany T. Y. Guan & Richard A. Holley

Authors
  1. Tiffany T. Y. Guan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard A. Holley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Guan, T.T.Y., Holley, R.A. (2003). Pathogen Survival in Swine Manure Environments and Transmission of Human Enteric Illness—A Reviewa . In: Hog Manure Management, the Environment and Human Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0031-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0031-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4892-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0031-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation