Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that provide most of the energy to eukaryotic cells and also regulate programmed cell death. Optical imaging has been used for over 100 years to visualize and characterize these organelles. In recent years, new and improved optical imaging approaches have been used for functional imaging of mitochondria. Notably, several novel small molecule imaging probes have been developed, alongside fluorescent protein probes, to permit optical imaging of mitochondria to shed light on the molecular functioning of the organelle and associated proteins in disease. This chapter examines an historic perspective on some of the major developments in optical imaging of mitochondria.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abou-Sleiman PM, Muqit MMK, Wood NW (2006) Expanding insights of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:207–219
Ballard JWO, Whitlock MC (2004) The incomplete natural history of mitochondria. Mol Ecol 13:729–744
Browne EN (1914) The effects of centrifuging the spermatocyte cells of Notonecta, with special reference to the mitochondria. J Exp Zoo 17:337–341
Castellani R, Hirai K, Aliev G et al (2002) Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Res 70:357–360
Celli JP, Spring BQ, Rizvi I et al (2010) Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring and optimization. Chem Rev 110:2795–2838
Chipuk JE, Green DR (2008) How do BCL-2 proteins induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization? Trends Cell Biol 18:157–164
Condeelis J, Segall JE (2003) Intravital imaging of cell movement in tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 3:921–930
Cottet-Rousselle C, Ronot X, Leverve X, Mayol J-F (2011) Cytometric assessment of mitochondria using fluorescent probes. Cytometry A 79A:405–425
Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN (2004) Intracellular delivery of quantum dots for live cell labeling and organelle tracking. Adv Mater 16:961–966
Dickinson BC, Chang CJ (2008) A targetable fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondria of living cells. J Am Chem Soc 130:9638–9639
Dunn KW, Sandoval RM, Kelly KJ et al (2002) Functional studies of the kidney of living animals using multicolor two-photon microscopy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283:C905–C916
Earley S, Vinegoni C, Dunham J et al (2012) In vivo imaging of drug-induced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization at single-cell resolution. Cancer Res 72:2949–2956
Elmore S (2007) Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 35:495–516
Ernster L, Schatz G (1981) Mitochondria: a historical review. J Cell Biol 91:227s–255s
Fonseca SB, Pereira MP, Mourtada R et al (2011) Rerouting chlorambucil to mitochondria combats drug deactivation and resistance in cancer cells. Chem Biol 18:445–453
Frezza C, Gottlieb E (2009) Mitochondria in cancer: not just innocent bystanders. Sem Cancer Biol 19:4–11
Ganapathy V, Thangaraju M, Prasad PD (2009) Nutrient transporters in cancer: relevance to warburg hypothesis and beyond. Pharmacol Therapeutics 121:29–40
Goldstein JC, Waterhouse NJ, Juin P et al (2000) The coordinate release of cytochrome c during apoptosis is rapid, complete and kinetically invariant. Nat Cell Biol 2:156–162
Gunter TE, Gunter KK, Sheu SS, Gavin CE (1994) Mitochondrial calcium transport: physiological and pathological relevance. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 267:C313–C339
Horton KL, Stewart KM, Fonseca SB et al (2008) Mitochondria-penetrating peptides. Chem Biol 15:375–382
Johnson LV, Walsh ML, Chen LB (1980) Localization of mitochondria in living cells with rhodamine 123. PNAS 77:990–994
Kessel D, Luo Y (1998) Mitochondrial photodamage and PDT-induced apoptosis. J Photochem Photobiol B 42:89–95
Kneen M, Farinas J, Li Y, Verkman AS (1998) Green fluorescent protein as a noninvasive intracellular pH indicator. Biophys J 74:1591
Kroemer G (2006) Mitochondria in cancer. Oncogene 25:4630–4632
Kubota K (2001) From tumor biology to clinical Pet: a review of positron emission tomography (PET) in oncology. Ann Nucl Med 15:471–486
Labro MT, Andrieu MC, Weber M, Homberg JC (1978) A new pattern of non-organ- and non-species-specific anti-organelle antibody detected by immunofluorescence: the mitochondrial antibody number 5. Clin Exp Immunol 31:357–366
Lesnefsky EJ, Moghaddas S, Tandler B et al (2001) Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia–reperfusion, aging, and heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 33:1065–1089
Lovell JF, Zheng G (2008) Activatable smart probes for molecular optical imaging and therapy. J Innovative Optical Health Sci 01:45–61
Lovell JF, Liu TWB, Chen J, Zheng G (2010) Activatable photosensitizers for imaging and therapy. Chem Rev 110:2839–2857
Lovell JF, Chan MW, Qi Q et al (2011) Porphyrin FRET acceptors for apoptosis induction and monitoring. J Am Chem Soc 133:18580–18582
Ly JD, Grubb DR, Lawen A (2003) The mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsi(m)) in apoptosis; an update. Apoptosis 8:115–128
Macho A, Decaudin D, Castedo M et al (1996) Chloromethyl-X-Rosamine is an aldehyde-fixable potential-sensitive fluorochrome for the detection of early apoptosis. Cytometry 25:333–340
Minamikawa T, Sriratana A, Williams DA et al (1999) Chloromethyl-X-rosamine (MitoTracker Red) photosensitises mitochondria and induces apoptosis in intact human cells. J Cell Sci 112:2419–2430
Misteli T, Spector DL (1997) Applications of the green fluorescent protein in cell biology and biotechnology. Nat Biotech 15:961–964
Morgan J, Oseroff AR (2001) Mitochondria-based photodynamic anti-cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 49:71–86
Nadakavukaren KK, Nadakavukaren JJ, Chen LB (1985) Increased rhodamine 123 uptake by carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 45:6093–6099
Oseroff AR, Ohuoha D, Ara G et al (1986) Intramitochondrial dyes allow selective in vitro photolysis of carcinoma cells. PNAS 83:9729–9733
Robinson KM, Janes MS, Pehar M et al (2006) Selective fluorescent imaging of superoxide in vivo using ethidium-based probes. PNAS 103:15038–15043
Rolo AP, Palmeira CM (2006) Diabetes and mitochondrial function: Role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 212:167–178
Singh G, Jeeves WP, Wilson BC, Jang D (1987) Mitochondrial photosensitization by photofrin ii. Photochem Photobiol 46:645–649
Smiley ST, Reers M, Mottola-Hartshorn C et al (1991) Intracellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial membrane potentials revealed by a J-aggregate-forming lipophilic cation JC-1. PNAS 88:3671–3675
Weissleder R, Pittet MJ (2008) Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 452:580–589
Zhou Y, Kim Y-S, Yan X et al (2011) 64Cu-Labeled Lissamine Rhodamine B: A Promising PET radiotracer targeting tumor mitochondria. Mol Pharm 8:1198–1208
Zumbusch A, Holtom GR, Xie XS (1999) Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-stokes raman scattering. Phys Rev Lett 82:4142–4145
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lovell, J. (2013). Optical Imaging of Mitochondria for Cancer Therapy. In: Chandra, D. (eds) Mitochondria as Targets for Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9326-6_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9326-6_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9325-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9326-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)