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Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean pp 71–101Cite as

Brazil: Ethanol

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Abstract

Brazil has been a leader in fuel ethanol production since the Proálcool program began in 1975. The industry received decades of government support, but it is now largely self-sufficient and cost-competitive with gasoline. Somewhat surprisingly, however, the last few years have seen Brazil change from a major ethanol exporter to an importer from the USA due to reductions in sugarcane agriculture and in ethanol production. Among starch and sugar crops currently used for commercial ethanol production, Brazilian sugarcane shows the highest returns on energy investment and the most favorable carbon balance. Indeed, the Brazilian model is considered by many to be a success story worthy of emulation across the global south. However, sustainability challenges still remain in some issues that are discussed here, along with recent policies to address such concerns. In addition, there are concerns about the social conditions of sugarcane production. Cane production in Brazil was expected to almost double in the next decade in order to satisfy domestic demand, as well as a growing international trade in fuel ethanol, but recent figures show a significant decrease. These pressures raise concerns about the environmental and social impacts of the industry going forward. Several initiatives are in place to promote sustainability, which will be examined in this chapter, including agro-ecological zoning.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Law 3.839, 28 December 2009: “Primeira Aproximação do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (ZEE/MS).” http://www.semac.ms.gov.br/zeems/index.php?inside=1&tp=3&show=2259; http://ww1.imprensaoficial.ms.gov.br/pdf/supplements/DO7612_29_12_2009_SUP01.pdf.

  2. 2.

    Sugarcane production moved to the Southeast and Center-West mainly due to the higher agricultural productivity and lower production costs because sugarcane in the region is not irrigated.

  3. 3.

    Tonnes of cane per hectare per year.

  4. 4.

    The season mentioned is 2020/2021 because sugarcane production occurs from April to November in Southeast/Center-West Brazil and from November to April in Northeastern Brazil.

  5. 5.

    The 2011/2012 season reflects a decrease of 9.6 % relative to the previous year because of several economic and climatic factors.

  6. 6.

    For comparison, the installed capacity of the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is 14,000 MWe.

  7. 7.

    The MEG blend was composed of 60 % hydrated ethanol, 34 % methanol, and 6 % gasoline and, due to that policy, the country was obliged to import 1 billion liters of alcohol during 1989–1995. Available at http://www.biodieselbr.com/proalcool/pro-alcool/programa-etanol.htm (accessed on 5 July 2013).

  8. 8.

    More than 90 % of new vehicles sold in Brazil are flex-fuel.

  9. 9.

    Personal information to authors.

  10. 10.

    http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br/acontece/colheita-mecanizada-da-cana-cresce-em-sao-paulo/.

  11. 11.

    This Ecological-Economic Zoning (ZEE) was prepared from the methodological guidelines proposed by the Ministry of Environment in accordance with the guidelines of the Environmental Legislation and the Environmental Policies of the state of Minas Gerais, guided by the following issues: (1) regarding the regional units (Copam, Minas Gerais State Council for Environmental Policy), (2) regarding Watershed State, (3) referring to meso- and micro-regions, and (4) for the planning council. Available at: http://www.zee.mg.gov.br/ (accessed on 7 June 2013).

  12. 12.

    http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br/etanolverde/zoneamento-agroambiental/.

  13. 13.

    http://www.semac.ms.gov.br/zeems/index.php?inside=1&tp=3&show=2259.

  14. 14.

    Law 12.651, 25 May 2012. Available at http://sbcpd.org/portal/images/stories/Novo-Codigo-Floresta-Lei-12651-2012.PDF.

  15. 15.

    The new legislation allows that 15 % of the areas to be reforested to fulfill the LR can be in other locations.

  16. 16.

    Law 12.651, 25 May 2012. Available at http://sbcpd.org/portal/images/stories/Novo-Codigo-Floresta-Lei-12651-2012.PDF.

  17. 17.

    Message received on 23 March 2011 (andre@ctc.com.br).

  18. 18.

    Vinasse is the by-product of ethanol distillation. It is a very polluting substance, produced in large quantities (around 8–10 l per liter of ethanol produced).

  19. 19.

    In 2011, the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP), together with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), launched sustainability indicators for biofuels, which are being introduced by several countries worldwide (GBEP 2011).

  20. 20.

    The iLUC factor is 4 gCO2eq/MJ and the other factors included in the LCA account for 32 gCO2eq/MJ, resulting in a total impact of 36 gCO2/MJ or a 61 % decrease relative to gasoline.

  21. 21.

    In general, enforcement by CETESB as well as by the Environmental Military Police of the state of Sao Paulo is considered quite well performed.

  22. 22.

    Personal experience of one of the authors (S. Coelho) in CONAMA meetings (former Deputy Secretary for Environment of the State of São Paulo).

  23. 23.

    Personal visit of S. Coelho.

  24. 24.

    In African and Asian countries, this situation is worse since the workers are obliged to cut the green cane manually, despite all the risks of this hard labor (personal information that the authors received in field visits in 2011).

  25. 25.

    Available at http://www.reporterbrasil.com.br/pacto/conteudo/view/9.

  26. 26.

    The Renovação project is a partnership between UNICA, the Federation of Rural Workers in São Paulo State (Feraesp), the Solidaridad Foundation, and supply-chain companies, with support from the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). In the 2012/2013 season 4,350 workers have been qualified. Available at http://www.unica.com.br/noticia/1671572892036406485/projeto-renovacao-por-cento3A-mais-de-quatro-mil-trabalhadores-requalificados-em-dois-anos/ (accessed on 5 July 2013).

  27. 27.

    Information from field visits in sub-Saharan African plants by S. Coelho (coordinator of the Mid Term Review by invitation of UNEP-Nairobi 2011).

  28. 28.

    Usina Ester, in the state of São Paulo, is one of the few mills operating a biogas digester from a vinasse plant (personal visit).

  29. 29.

    Personal communication from José Marcos Gryschek/BRASMETANO. Lecture: Oportunidades do biogás da vinhaça. 3º Seminário Bioenergia: Desafios e Oportunidades de Negócios. São Paulo, 24 November 2011.

  30. 30.

    In fact, the new version of the Forest Code introduced less strict environmental rules for the agricultural sector, when compared to the previous version.

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  1. Brazilian Reference Center on Biomass, Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Suani Teixeira Coelho & Patricia Guardabassi

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  1. Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA

    Barry D. Solomon

  2. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Robert Bailis

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Coelho, S., Guardabassi, P. (2014). Brazil: Ethanol. In: Solomon, B., Bailis, R. (eds) Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9275-7_3

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