Abstract
Poorly soluble drugs have always been a challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Today, it has been estimated that 40 % of new chemical entities fail in development because of adverse physical properties such as poor aqueous solubility. In this chapter, the authors look at the principals of drug solubility and dissolution and evaluate the use of drug nano-crystals and nano-size delivery systems such as liposomes, polymeric micelles and solid lipid nanoparticles in enhancing drug solubility. Additional benefits such as achieving site-specific delivery and facilitating cellular uptake are also discussed. The key advantages that nanotechnologies are able to offer and the challenges in the exploitation of these technologies are outlined with appropriate examples. Clinical experience is included to demonstrate the successful approach in using nanotechnologies for hydrophobic drug solubilisation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Attama AA, Reichl S, Müller-Goymann CC (2008) Diclofenac sodium delivery to the eye: in vitro evaluation of novel solid lipid nanoparticle formulation using human cornea construct. Int J Pharm 355:307–313
Aulton ME (2007) Aulton’s pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London
BASF (2001) BASF pharm ingredients, helping make pharmaceuticals better. http://www2.basf.us/Pharma/pdf/Spec_CremophorELP.pdf
Bielawski K, Bielawska A, Muszyńska A, Poplawska B (2011) Cytotoxic activity of G3 PAMAM-NH2 dendrimer-chlorambucil conjugate in human breast cancer cells. Environ Toxicol Phar 32:364–372
Celano M, Calvagno MG, Bulotta S, Paolino D, Arturi F, Rotiroti D, Filetti S, Fresta M, Russo D (2004) Cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine-loaded liposomes in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 4:63
Chen N, Khemtong C, Yang X, Chang X, Gao J (2011) Nanonization strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs. Drug Discov Today 16:354–360
Cheng WP, Gray AI, Tetley L, Hang TLB, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu IF (2006) Polyelectrolyte nanoparticles with high drug loading enhance the oral uptake of hydrophobic compounds. Biomacromolecules 7:1509–1520
Cho J-K, Chun C, Kuh H-J, Song S-C (2012) Injectable poly(organophosphazene)-camptothecin conjugate hydrogels: synthesis, characterisation and antitumor activities. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 81:582–590
Cortesi R, Esposito E, Menegatti E, Gambari R, Nastruzzi C (1996) Effect of cationic liposome composition of in vitro cytotoxicity and protective effect on carried DNA. Int J Pharm 139:69–78
Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Reppas C, Shah VP (1997) Dissolution testing as a prognostic tool for oral drug absorption: immediate release dosage forms. Pharm Res 15:11–22
El-Ridy MS, Mostafa DM, Shehab A, Nasr EA, El-Alim SA (2007) Biological evaluation of pyrazinamide liposomes for treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Pharm 330:82–88
Fang J-Y, Fang C-L, Liu C-H, Su Y-H (2008) Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for topical psoralen delivery: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) versus nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 70:633–640
FarÃas T, de Ménorval LC, Zajac J, Rivera A (2009) Solubilization of drugs by cationic surfactants micelles: conductivity and 1H NMR experiments. Colloid Surf A 345:51–57
Florence TA, Atwood D (2006) Physiochemical principles of pharmacy, 4th edn. Pharmaceutical Press, London
Gulati M, Grover M, Singh S, Singh M (1998) Lipophilic drug derivatives in liposomes. Int J Pharm 165:129–168
Han X, Ghoroi C, To D, Chen Y, Davé R (2011) Simultaneous micronization and surface modification for improvement of flow and dissolution of drug particles. Int J Pharm 415:185–195
Hoskins C, Cheng WP (2012b) Implementing nanotechnology and novel drug delivery systems to improve dissolution and solubilisation. Am Pharm Rev. http://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/126889-Implementing-Nanotechnology-and-Novel-Drug-Delivery-Systems-to-Improve-Dissolution-and-Solubilization. Accessed 1 Feb 2013
Hoskins C, Ouaissi M, Lima SC, Cheng WP, Loureirio I, Mas E, Lombardo D, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ouassi A, Kong Thoo Lin P (2010) The study of in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of a novel formulation incorporating PAA and BNIPDaoct against pancreatic cancer. Pharm Res 27:2694–2703
Hoskins C, Kong Thoo Lin P, Tetley L, Cheng WP (2011) Novel fluorescent amphiphilic poly(allylamine) and their supramacromolecular self-assemblies in aqueous media. Polym Adv Technol 23:710–719
Hoskins C, Kong Thoo Lin P, Tetley L, Cheng W-P (2012) The use of nano polymeric self-assemblies based on novel amphiphilic polymers for oral hydrophobic drug solubilisation. Pharm Res 29:782–794
Huang FY, Mei WL, Li YN, Tan GH, Dai HF, Guo JL, Wang H, Huang YH, Zhao HG, Zhou SL, Li L, Lin YY (2012) The antitumour activities induced by pegylated liposomal cytochalasin D in murine models. Eur J Cancer 48:2260–2269
Iqbal J, Sarti F, Perera G, Bernkop-Schürch A (2011) Development and in vivo evaluation of an oral drug delivery system for paclitaxel. Biomaterials 32:170–175
Kheradmandnia S, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Nostrati M, Atyabi F (2010) Preparation and characterization of ketoprofen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles made from beeswax and carnauba wax. Nanomedicine 6:753–759
Kwon G, Okano T (1996) Polymeric micelles as new drug carriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 21:107–116
Lawrence MJ (1994) Surfactant systems: their use in drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 23:417–424
Li AP (2005) Preclinical in vitro screening assays for drug-like properties. Drug Discov Today 2:179–185
Liu Y, Wang P, Sun C, Zhao J, Du Y, Shi F, Feng N (2011) Bioadhesion and enhanced bioavailability of wheat germ agglutinin-grafted lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drug bufalin. Int J Pharm 419:260–265
Malmstein M (2002) Surfactants and polymers in drug delivery. Marcel Dekker, Basel, NY
Mathot F, des Rieux A, Ariën A, Schneider Y-J, Brewster M, Préat V (2007) Transport mechanism of mmePEG750P(CL-co-TMC) polymeric micelles across the intestinal barrier. J Control Release 124:134–143
Matsumura Y, Yokoyama M, Kataoka K, Okano T, Sakurai Y, Kawaguchi T, Kakizoe T (1999) Reduction of the side effects of an antitumor agent, KRN5500, by incorporation of the drug into polymeric micelles. Japan J Cancer Res 90:122–128
Maysinger D, Lovrić J, Eisenberg A, Savić R (2007) Fate of micelles and quantum dots in cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 65:270–281
Mehta RT (1996) Liposome encapsulation of clofazimine reduces toxicity in vitro and in vivo and improves therapeutics efficacy in the beige mouse model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:1893–1902
Miglietta A, Cavalli R, Bocca C, Gabriel L, Gasco MR (2000) Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) incorporating doxorubicin or paclitaxel. Int J Pharm 210:61–67
Millard JW, Alvarez-Núñez FA, Yalkowsky SH (2002) Solubilization by cosolvents establishing useful constants for the log-linear model. Int J Pharm 245:153–166
Mo R, Xiao Y, Sun M, Zhang C, Ping Q (2011) Enhancing effect of N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan on etoposide absorption. Int J Pharm 409:38–45
Moddaresi M, Brown MB, Zhao Y, Tamburic S, Jones SA (2010) The role of vehicle-nanoparticle interactions in topical drug delivery. Int J Pharm 400:176–182
Mohammed AR, Weston N, Coombes AGA, Fitzgerald M, Perrie Y (2004) Liposome formulation of poorly water soluble drugs: optimisation of drug loading and ESEM analysis of stability. Int J Pharm 285:23–34
Morgen M, Lu GW, Du D, Stehle R, Lembke F, Carvantes J, Ciotti S, Haskell R, Smithey D, Haley K, Fan C (2011) Targeted delivery of a poorly water-soluble compound to hair follicles using polymeric nanoparticle suspensions. Int J Pharm 416:314–322
Nii T, Ishii F (2005) Encapsulation efficiency of water-soluble and insoluble drugs in liposomes prepared by the microencapsulation vesicle method. Int J Pharm 298:198–205
Nishiyama N, Kataoka K (2006) Current state, achievements, and future prospects of polymeric micelles as nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Pharmacol Ther 112:630–648
Ravenelle F, Vachon P, Rigby-Jones AE, Sneyd JR, Le Garrec D, Gori S, Lessard D, Smith DC (2008) Anaesthetic effects of propofol polymeric micelle: a novel water soluble propofol formulation. Br J Anaesth 101:186–193
Rezaei SJ, Nabid MR, Niknejad H, Entezami AA (2012) Folate decorated thermoresponsive micelles based on star-shaoed amphiphilic block copolymers for efficient intracellular release of anticancer drugs. Int J Pharm 437:70–79
Rouxhet L, Dinguizli M, Latere Dwan’lsa JP, Ould-Ouali L, Twaddle P, Nathan A, Brewster ME, Rosenblatt J, Ariën A, Préat V (2009) Monoglyceride-based self-assembling copolymers as carriers for poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 382:244–253
Savic R, Luo L, Eisenberg A, Mayasinger D (2003) Micellar nanocontainers distribute to defined cytoplasmic organelles. Science 300:615–618
Serajuddin ATM (2007) Salt formation to improve drug solubility. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:603–616
Shaikh J, Ankola DD, Beniwal V, Singh D, Ravi Kumar MNV (2009) Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer. Eur J Pharm Sci 37:223–230
Sinko PJ (2005) Martin’s physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Subedi RK, Kang KW, Choi H-K (2009) Preparation and characterisation of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin. Eur J Pharm Sci 37:508–513
Sylvestre J-P, Tang M-C, Furtos A, Leclair G, Meunier M, Leroux J-C (2011) Nanonization of megastrol acetate by laser fragmentation in aqueous milieu. J Control Release 149:273–280
Thompson C, Ding C, Qu X, Yang Z, Uchegby IF, Tetley L, Cheng WP (2008) The effect of polymer architecture on the nano self-assemblies based on novel comb-shaped amphiphilic poly(allylamine). Colloid Polym Sci 286:1511–1526
Thompson CJ, Tetley L, Cheng WP (2010) The influence of polymer architecture on the protective effect of novel comb shaped amphiphilic poly(allylamine) against in vitro enzymatic degradation of insulin—towards oral insulin delivery. Int J Pharm 383:216–227
WHO (2006) Proposal to waive in vivo bioequivalence requirements for WHO model list of essential medicines immediate-release, solid oral dosage forms. Annex 8 of WHO Expert Committee on specification for pharmaceutical preparations. Available at http://apps.who.int/prequal/info_general/documents/TRS937/WHO_TRS_937__annex8_eng.pdf
Xiao H, Qi R, Liu S, Hu X, Duan T, Zheng Y, Huang Y, Jing X (2011) Biodegradable polymer-cisplatin (IV) conjugate as a pro-drug of cisplatin (II). Biomaterials 32:7732–7739
Yang F, Cui F-D, Choi M-K, Cho J-W, Chung S-J, Shim C-K, Kim D-D (2007) Enhanced solubility and stability of PEGylated liposomal paclitaxel: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 338:317–326
Yeh M-K, Chang L-C, Chiou AH-J (2009) Improving tenoxicam solubility and bioavailability by cosolvent system. AAPS PharmSciTech 10:166–171
Yokoyama M (2010) Polymeric micelles as a new drug carrier system and their required considerations for clinical trials. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 7:145–158
Zhang J, Lv H, Jiang K, Gao Y (2011a) Enhanced bioavailability after oral and pulmonary administration of baicalien nano-crystal. Int J Pharm 420:180–188
Zhang W, Shi Y, Chen Y, Hao J, Sha X, Fang X (2011b) The potential of pluronic polymeric micelles encapsulated with paclitaxel for the treatment of melanoma using subcutaneous and pulmonary metastatic mice models. Biomaterials 32:5934–5944
Zhou M, Rhue RD (2000) Screening commercial surfactants suitable for remediating DNAPL source zones by solubilisation. Environ Sci Technol 34:1985–1990
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hoskins, C., Cheng, W.P. (2013). Hydrophobic Drug Solubilisation. In: Uchegbu, I., Schätzlein, A., Cheng, W., Lalatsa, A. (eds) Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Nanoscience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9164-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9164-4_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9163-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9164-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)