Abstract
The pathophysiology of central white matter is a timely subject for review. Early white matter changes are now recognized in neurological disorders ranging from Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and vascular dementia to disorders such as diabetic cognitive dysfunction, mitochondrial syndromes, lysosomal disorders, and psychiatric illness. A plot of the use of the term “white matter” in the titles of research papers reveals an exponential growth since 2005, in large part due to this burst in interest in white matter as an early and possibly causal locus in disorders that until recently were thought to be exclusively gray matter in origin.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al-Hasani OH, Smith C (in press) Traumatic white matter injury and toxic leukoencephalopathies. Expert Rev Neurother 11:1315–1324
Arboix A, Marti-Vilalta JL (2009) Lacunar stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 9:179–196
Back SA, Kroenke CD, Sherman LS et al (in press) White matter lesions defined by diffusion tensor imaging in older adults. Ann Neuro l70:465–476
Bailey EL, Smith C, Sudlow CL, Wardlaw JM (in press) Pathology of lacunar ischemic stroke in humans-a systematic review. Brain Pathol 22:583–591
Bailey EL, McCulloch J, Sudlow C, Wardlaw JM (2009) Potential animal models of lacunar stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 40:e451–e458
Bakiri Y, Hamilton NB, Karadottir R, Attwell D (2008) Testing NMDA receptor block as a therapeutic strategy for reducing ischaemic damage to CNS white matter. Glia 56:233–240
Bondarenko A, Chesler M (2001a) Rapid astrocyte death induced by transient hypoxia, acidosis, and extracellular ion shifts. Glia 34:134–142
Bondarenko A, Chesler M (2001b) Calcium dependence of rapid astrocyte death induced by transient hypoxia, acidosis, and extracellular ion shifts. Glia 34:143–149
Brown AM, Fern R, Jarvinen JP et al (1998) Changes in [Ca2+]0 during anoxia in CNS white matter. Neuroreport 9:1997–2000
Burke RE, O’Malley K (in press) Axon degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol
Caplan LR (1989) Intracranial branch atheromatous disease: a neglected, understudied, and underused concept. Neurology 39:1246–1250
Chung JW, Kim BJ, Sohn CH et al (in press) Branch atheromatous plaque: a major cause of lacunar infarction (high-resolution MRI study). Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2:36–44
Connors BW, Ransom BR, Kunis DM, Gutnick MJ (1982) Activity-dependent K+ accumulation in the developing rat optic nerve. Science 216:1341–1343
Del Bene A, Palumbo V, Lamassa M et al (in press) Progressive lacunar stroke: review of mechanisms, prognostic features, and putative treatments. Int J Stroke 7:321–329
Dewar D, Dawson DA (1997) Changes of cytoskeletal protein immunostaining in myelinated fibre tracts after focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 93:71–77
Farkas E, Donka G, de Vos RA et al (2004) Experimental cerebral hypoperfusion induces white matter injury and microglial activation in the rat brain. Acta Neuropathol 108:57–64
Fern R (2001) Ischemia: astrocytes show their sensitive side. Prog Brain Res 132:405–411
Fisher CM (1968) The arterial lesions underlying lacunes. Acta Neuropathol 12:1–15
Frantseva MV, Kokarovtseva L, Naus CG et al (2002a) Specific gap junctions enhance the neuronal vulnerability to brain traumatic injury. J Neurosci 22:644–653
Frantseva MV, Kokarovtseva L, Perez Velazquez JL (2002b) Ischemia-induced brain damage depends on specific gap-junctional coupling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:453–462
Frost SB, Barbay S, Mumert ML et al (2006) An animal model of capsular infarct: endothelin-1 injections in the rat. Behav Brain Res 169:206–211
Garthwaite G, Goodwin DA, Batchelor AM et al (2002) Nitric oxide toxicity in CNS white matter: an in vitro study using rat optic nerve. Neuroscience 109:145–155
Gelpi E, Soler Insa JM, Parchi P et al (in press) Atypical neuropathological sCJD-MM phenotype with abundant white matter Kuru-type plaques sparing the cerebellar cortex. Neuropathology
Gregoire SM, Smith K, Jager HR et al (in press) Cerebral microbleeds and long-term cognitive outcome: longitudinal cohort study of stroke clinic patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 33:430–435
Gresle MM, Jarrott B, Jones NM, Callaway JK (2006) Injury to axons and oligodendrocytes following endothelin-1-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion in conscious rats. Brain Res 1110:13–22
Hainsworth AH, Markus HS (2008) Do in vivo experimental models reflect human cerebral small vessel disease? A systematic review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28:1877–1891
Holland PR, Bastin ME, Jansen MA et al (in press) MRI is a sensitive marker of subtle white matter pathology in hypoperfused mice. Neurobiol Aging 32:2325, e2321–2326
Horsburgh K, Reimer MM, Holland P et al (in press) Axon-glial disruption: the link between vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease? Biochem Soc Trans 39:881–885
Hughes PM, Anthony DC, Ruddin M et al (2003) Focal lesions in the rat central nervous system induced by endothelin-1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:1276–1286
Imai H, Masayasu H, Dewar D et al (2001) Ebselen protects both gray and white matter in a rodent model of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 32:2149–2154
Irving EA, Yatsushiro K, McCulloch J, Dewar D (1997) Rapid alteration of tau in oligodendrocytes after focal ischemic injury in the rat: involvement of free radicals. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:612–622
Irving EA, Bentley DL, Parsons AA (2001) Assessment of white matter injury following prolonged focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 102:627–635
Jokinen H, Lipsanen J, Schmidt R et al (in press) Brain atrophy accelerates cognitive decline in cerebral small vessel disease: the LADIS study. Neurology 78:1785–1792
Kubo K, Nakao S, Jomura S et al (2009) Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, mitigates both gray and white matter damages after global cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1279:139–146
Lecrux C, McCabe C, Weir CJ et al (2008) Effects of magnesium treatment in a model of internal capsule lesion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 39:448–454
Lee H, Cohen OS, Rosenmann H et al (in press) Cerebral white matter disruption in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
Lin B, Ginsberg MD, Busto R, Dietrich WD (1998a) Sequential analysis of subacute and chronic neuronal, astrocytic and microglial alterations after transient global ischemia in rats. Acta Neuropathol 95:511–523
Lin JH, Weigel H, Cotrina ML et al (1998b) Gap-junction-mediated propagation and amplification of cell injury. Nat Neurosci 1:494–500
Liu S, Hu WX, Zu QQ et al (in press) A novel embolic stroke model resembling lacunar infarction following proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion in beagle dogs. J Neurosci Methods 209:90–96
Lundblad M, Decressac M, Mattsson B, Bjorklund A (in press) Impaired neurotransmission caused by overexpression of alpha-synuclein in nigral dopamine neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:3213–3219
Magnotti LM, Goodenough DA, Paul DL (in press) Deletion of oligodendrocyte Cx32 and astrocyte Cx43 causes white matter vacuolation, astrocyte loss and early mortality. Glia 59:1064–1074
McCarran WJ, Goldberg MP (2007) White matter axon vulnerability to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated ischemic injury is developmentally regulated. J Neurosci 27:4220–4229
McCrimmon RJ, Ryan CM, Frier BM (in press) Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction. Lancet 379:2291–2299
McDonald JW, Althomsons SP, Hyrc KL et al (1998) Oligodendrocytes from forebrain are highly vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Nat Med 4:291–297
Mishina M, Komaba Y, Kobayashi S et al (2005) Efficacy of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, for the treatment of acute lacunar infarction. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 45:344–348, discussion 348
Nagakane Y, Naritomi H, Oe H et al (2008) Neurological and MRI findings as predictors of progressive-type lacunar infarction. Eur Neurol 60:137–141
Nakase T, Yoshioka S, Suzuki A (in press) Free radical scavenger, edaravone, reduces the lesion size of lacunar infarction in human brain ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol 11:39
Nedergaard M (1988) Mechanisms of brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurol Scand 77:81–101
Nedergaard M, Dirnagl U (2005) Role of glial cells in cerebral ischemia. Glia 50:281–286
Norrving B (2008) Lacunar infarcts: no black holes in the brain are benign. Pract Neurol 8:222–228
Ohta Y, Takamatsu K, Fukushima T et al (2009) Efficacy of the free radical scavenger, edaravone, for motor palsy of acute lacunar infarction. Intern Med 48:593–596
Pantoni L, Garcia JH, Gutierrez JA (1996) Cerebral white matter is highly vulnerable to ischemia. Stroke 27:1641–1646, discussion 1647
Patel B, Lawrence AJ, Chung AW et al (in press) Cerebral microbleeds and cognition in patients with symptomatic small vessel disease. Stroke 44:356–361
Perez Velazquez JL, Kokarovtseva L, Sarbaziha R et al (2006) Role of gap junctional coupling in astrocytic networks in the determination of global ischaemia-induced oxidative stress and hippocampal damage. Eur J Neurosci 23:1–10
Petito CK, Olarte JP, Roberts B et al (1998) Selective glial vulnerability following transient global ischemia in rat brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57:231–238
Putaala J, Kurkinen M, Tarvos V et al (2009) Silent brain infarcts and leukoaraiosis in young adults with first-ever ischemic stroke. Neurology 72:1823–1829
Rapp JH, Pan XM, Neumann M et al (2008) Microemboli composed of cholesterol crystals disrupt the blood–brain barrier and reduce cognition. Stroke 39:2354–2361
Rash JE, Duffy HS, Dudek FE et al (1997) Grid-mapped freeze-fracture analysis of gap junctions in gray and white matter of adult rat central nervous system, with evidence for a "panglial syncytium" that is not coupled to neurons. J Comp Neurol 388:265–292
Reimer MM, McQueen J, Searcy L et al (in press) Rapid disruption of axon-glial integrity in response to mild cerebral hypoperfusion. J Neurosci 31:18185–18194
Renaud DL (in press) Lysosomal disorders associated with leukoencephalopathy. Semin Neurol 32:51–54
Richard MJ, Saleh TM, El Bahh B, Zidichouski JA (in press) A novel method for inducing focal ischemia in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 190:20–27
Rosenberg PA, Li Y, Ali S et al (1999) Intracellular redox state determines whether nitric oxide is toxic or protective to rat oligodendrocytes in culture. J Neurochem 73:476–484
Sacco S, Marini C, Totaro R et al (2006) A population-based study of the incidence and prognosis of lacunar stroke. Neurology 66:1335–1338
Sato Y, Chin Y, Kato T et al (2009) White matter activated glial cells produce BDNF in a stroke model of monkeys. Neurosci Res 65:71–78
Schabitz WR, Li F, Fisher M (2000) The N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist CNS 1102 protects cerebral gray and white matter from ischemic injury following temporary focal ischemia in rats. Stroke 31:1709–1714
Serena J, Leira R, Castillo J et al (2001) Neurological deterioration in acute lacunar infarctions: the role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Stroke 32:1154–1161
Shannon C, Salter M, Fern R (2007) GFP imaging of live astrocytes: regional differences in the effects of ischaemia upon astrocytes. J Anat 210:684–692
Shibata M, Ohtani R, Ihara M, Tomimoto H (2004) White matter lesions and glial activation in a novel mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke 35:2598–2603
Shih AY, Blinder P, Tsai PS et al (in press a) The smallest stroke: occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit. Nat Neurosci 16:55–63
Shih AY, Driscoll JD, Drew PJ et al (in press b) Two-photon microscopy as a tool to study blood flow and neurovascular coupling in the rodent brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32:1277–1309
Shobha N, Fang J, Hill MD (in press) Do lacunar strokes benefit from thrombolysis? Evidence from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. Int J Stroke
Smith EE, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, Greenberg SM (in press) Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions. Lancet Neurol 11:272–282
Sozmen EG, Kolekar A, Havton LA, Carmichael ST (2009) A white matter stroke model in the mouse: axonal damage, progenitor responses and MRI correlates. J Neurosci Methods 180: 261–272
Strozyk D, Dickson DW, Lipton RB et al (in press) Contribution of vascular pathology to the clinical expression of dementia. Neurobiol Aging 31:1710–1720
Stys PK, Ransom BR, Waxman SG, Davis PK (1990) Role of extracellular calcium in anoxic injury of mammalian central white matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:4212–4216
Takano T, Tian GF, Peng W et al (2007) Cortical spreading depression causes and coincides with tissue hypoxia. Nat Neurosci 10:754–762
Tanaka Y, Imai H, Konno K et al (2008) Experimental model of lacunar infarction in the gyrencephalic brain of the miniature pig: neurological assessment and histological, immunohistochemical, and physiological evaluation of dynamic corticospinal tract deformation. Stroke 39: 205–212
Tekkok SB, Goldberg MP (2001) Ampa/kainate receptor activation mediates hypoxic oligodendrocyte death and axonal injury in cerebral white matter. J Neurosci 21:4237–4248
Tress O, Maglione M, May D et al (in press) Panglial gap junctional communication is essential for maintenance of myelin in the CNS. J Neurosci 32:7499–7518
Ueno Y, Zhang N, Miyamoto N et al (2009) Edaravone attenuates white matter lesions through endothelial protection in a rat chronic hypoperfusion model. Neuroscience 162:317–327
Valeriani V, Dewar D, McCulloch J (2000) Quantitative assessment of ischemic pathology in axons, oligodendrocytes, and neurons: attenuation of damage after transient ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20:765–771
Vermeer SE, Longstreth WT Jr, Koudstaal PJ (2007) Silent brain infarcts: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 6:611–619
Walker EJ, Rosenberg GA (in press) Divergent role for MMP-2 in myelin breakdown and oligodendrocyte death following transient global ischemia. J Neurosci Res 88:764–773
Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Whitford TJ, Pantelis C (in press) Understanding aberrant white matter development in schizophrenia: an avenue for therapy? Expert Rev Neurother 11:971–987
Wang HH, Hsieh HL, Yang CM (in press) Nitric oxide production by endothelin-1 enhances astrocytic migration via the tyrosine nitration of matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Cell Physiol 226: 2244–2256
Wang M, Iliff JJ, Liao Y et al (in press) Cognitive deficits and delayed neuronal loss in a mouse model of multiple microinfarcts. J Neurosci 32:17948–17960
Windle V, Szymanska A, Granter-Button S et al (2006) An analysis of four different methods of producing focal cerebral ischemia with endothelin-1 in the rat. Exp Neurol 201:324–334
Wong LJ (in press) Mitochondrial syndromes with leukoencephalopathies. Semin Neurol 32:55–61
Yam PS, Takasago T, Dewar D et al (1997) Amyloid precursor protein accumulates in white matter at the margin of a focal ischaemic lesion. Brain Res 760:150–157
Yam PS, Dewar D, McCulloch J (1998) Axonal injury caused by focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Neurotrauma 15:441–450
Yoshioka H, Niizuma K, Katsu M et al (in press) NADPH oxidase mediates striatal neuronal injury after transient global cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 31:868–880
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fern, R. (2014). Focal Ischemic White Matter Injury in Experimental Models. In: Baltan, S., Carmichael, S., Matute, C., Xi, G., Zhang, J. (eds) White Matter Injury in Stroke and CNS Disease. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research, vol 4. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9123-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9123-1_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9122-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9123-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)