Abstract
The first DNA sequencing (1968) was performed 15 years after the discovery of the double helix (1953) (Hutchison 2007). However, the chemical method of Maxam and Gilbert and the dideoxy method of Sanger began in the mid-1970s (Fig. 1.1). The profound insights into genetic organization were shown by Nicklen and Coulson with the first complete DNA sequence of phage ϕX174. As sequencing output improved larger molecules greater than 200 kb (human cytomegalovirus) were sequenced and computational analysis and bioinformatics was born. Sequencing efforts reached new heights with the initiation of the US Human Genome Project culminating in the first “sequencing factory” by 1992 (Hutchison 2007). With this effort came the sequencing of the first bacterial genome, by 1995, and other small eubacterial, archaebacterial, and eukaryotic genomes soon thereafter. Published in 2001, the working draft of the human genome sequence was the result of the competition between the public Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics (Fig. 1.1). The new “massively parallel” sequencing methods (Chap. 2) are greatly increasing sequencing capacity, but further innovations are needed to achieve the “thousand dollar genome” that many feel is the prerequisite to personalized genomic medicine (Fig. 1.1). These advances will also allow new approaches to a variety of problems in biology, evolution, and the environment.
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Valencia, C.A., Pervaiz, M.A., Husami, A., Qian, Y., Zhang, K. (2013). Sanger Sequencing Principles, History, and Landmarks. In: Next Generation Sequencing Technologies in Medical Genetics. SpringerBriefs in Genetics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9032-6_1
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