Abstract
Loss of natural habitat due to the expansion of crop fields is inevitable in a country with more than 83 % of the rural agriculture-based human population dependent upon natural resources for their livelihood. Nearly 25 % of Nepal is officially protected habitat, but these protected areas are fragmented and not all are suitable for primates. Deforestation drives the dispersal of primates increasingly into areas of human settlement and agricultural lands, and ultimately leads into conflict—as is frequently reported in local newspapers. The intact wild areas of Nepal are fragmented due to physical infrastructure with highway and human settlements poured around and through the forests, further exacerbated by extreme fuelwood and timber extraction. One of the driving forces behind land use issues is national politics. Six species of monkeys are from Nepal: the macaques—Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Assamese (Macaca assamensis 2 species?) and the Hanuman Langurs—Semnopithecus ajax, Semnopithecus hector, and Semnopithecus schistaceus. These monkey species are found in different phyto-ecological zones from the lowland Tarai plain to the valleys of high mountains. This chapter reports on census data across Nepal obtained from different research activities, including historical records since the 1970s, and discusses habitat composition with respect to the human–primate conflict throughout the agroforestry landscape.
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Acknowledgments
I acknowledge all the agencies that supported my fieldwork either directly to primate research or other research projects through which I generated the primate data and information. I thank the institutions such as DNPWC Nepal, IUCN Nepal, NEFEJ Nepal, NESS Nepal, KU and TU Nepal, ASP, IPS, PRI Japan and personalities such as Prof. Ramon Rhine (Late), Prof. C. H Southwick, Dr. Y. Kawamoto, Dr. H. Ogawa, Dr. R. C. Kyes, Dr. R. L. Johnson for their encouragement and academic help. My field assistants are specially thanked for their support. I also remember those students who rendered several painstaking field efforts to generate primate data: Minesh, Suvas, Resmi, Hari, Jagannath, Janak, Ganga, Kulchandra, Bishwanath, Bishnu, Bhuvan and Ph D Scholar, Narayan Koju specially thanked for his several fruitful accompany in my field works.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Rhesus Monkey Census in Nepal
Area/GPS location | Adult | Young | Immature | Total | Remarks Info | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Juve | Infant | Indiv | Group | ||
A. Tarai and Siwalik Hills (hot monsoon and subtropical hot monsoon and tropical, below 500–1,000 m asl) | |||||||||
1. Ilam/Jhapa East Nepal | |||||||||
ChulaChuli VDC Barhgothe village Kause Danda and Bagdwar area N 26°42′32″ E 87°46′30″; 300 m asl | 10 | 1 | Total count was done, new born baby in winter (December) | ||||||
Sakphara VDC, Jare forest area N 26°46′20″ E 87°41′30″; 580 m asl | 15 | 1 | |||||||
Danabari VDC, Sanokholsi forest N 26°44′50″ E 87°54′50″; 300 m asl | 10 | 1 | |||||||
Danabari VDC, Kilathoke Chuli N 26°44′50″ E 87°43′45″; 380 m asl | 20 | 1 | |||||||
2. Pathlaiya–Dhalkebar, East-West Highway N 27°11′55″ E 84°58′57″–N 26°59′54.8″ E 85°54′35.2″ | 139 | 11 | Single male two places, Counted along the edge of Highway forest area | ||||||
3. Chitwan NP, Baghamara BZCF N 27°35′16.7″ E 84°28′30.1″; 170 m | 76 | (8 ?) | 5–25 members in a troop (subgroup ?) | ||||||
Kumrose Community Forest N 27°37′9.0″ E 84°28′7.2″ | 5 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 32 | 1 | Near Office building, riverside habitat |
Gaida Camp Hotel N 27°36′18.3″ E 84°27′7.1″ | 5 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 29 | 1 | East of Bees Hajari Tal road |
4. Ramnagar, Chitwan N 27°44′14″ E 84°25′9.1″ | 125 | 2 | Area covered east to rhino post from Highway | ||||||
5. Nabalparasi to Dang | Along East-West Highway | ||||||||
Arunkhola, Nawalparasi 120 m asl N 27°36′49.5′ E 83°56′40.8″ | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 1 | One Adult male fractured leg |
Daunne, Nawalparasi 187 m asl N 27°32′52.4″ E 83°50′24.3″ | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 1 | |
Bhutaha, Nawalparasi 105 m asl N 27°34′8.7″ E 83°44′9.5″ | 2 | 3 | - | - | 3 | 1 | 9 | 1 | |
Kharkatti, Nawalparasi 122 m asl N 27°37′0.5″ E 83°37′0.8″ | 6 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 43 | 1 | |
Dharampur, Nawalparasi 92 m asl N 27°34′7.9″ E 83°36′10.1″ | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | Male subgroup |
Devdaha, Rupandehi 121 m asl N 27°39′23.5″ E 83°33′15.4″ | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 19 | 1 | |
Bhaluhi, Rupandehi N 27°36′4.5″ E 83°28′49.1″ | 1 | 3 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 | |
Gorusinge, Kapilvastu 105 m asl N 27°39′7.8″ E 83°02′8.4″ | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 1 | |
Lalmatiya, Dang 285 m asl N 27°50′8.4″ E 82°44′12.3″ | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 1 | |
6. GhodaGhodi Tal, Kailali N 28°41′03″ E 80°56′43″ | 50 | 2 | Highway south and north, temple area | ||||||
7. Suklaphanta WLR N 28°56′21.8″ E 80°09′2.9″ | 85 | 2 | Inside the Wildlife reserve, Majhgaun | ||||||
Arjuni Phanta N 28°55′6.7″ E 80°18′43.0″ | 10 | 1 | Near army barrack in Nagarjun Com. Forest | ||||||
East of Daiji N 28°54′5.4″ E 80°22′51.7″ | 15 | 1 | Along highway | ||||||
Subtotal | 752 | 42 | |||||||
B. Mid-hills (warm temperate monsoon; cool temperate monsoon 1,000–3,000 m asl) rhesus count cont. | |||||||||
8. Makalu Barun NP 980 m asl Lakuwa N 27°31′49.9″ E 87°5′7.3″ | 75 | 3 | |||||||
Shiva Makalu Barun NP 1,500 m asl N 27°32′0.8″ E 87°5′31.6″ | 40 | 1 | |||||||
9. Heluwabeshi, 380 m asl 27°26′01″ N 87°08′04″ E | 30 | 1 | Fringe of conservation area | ||||||
10. Balthali, Kavre N 27°30′ E 85°30′ | 55 | 2 | |||||||
11. Kathmandu Valley | |||||||||
Thapathali, Singh Temple N 27°41′23.3″ E 85°18′52.8″ | 4 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 43 | 1 | Along Bagmati river, in Shingh Temple |
Swoyambhu Stupa forest 27°42′54.4″ N 85°17′24.9″ E | 40 | 152 | 18 | 11 | 93 | 128 | 442 | 8 | Additionally All male band of 8–15 members |
Pashupati temple forest 27°42′28.9″ N 85°21′06.3″ E | 46 | 152 | 17 | 12 | 102 | 113 | 441 | 7 | Several time twins and quadruple recorded |
Nilbarahi forest Madhyapur N 27°41′47.0″ E 85°23′31.5″ | 10 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 42 | 1 | Recently its population increased to double |
Gokarn Safari forest N 27°43′36.7″ E 85°23′38.8″ | 38 + 25 + 30 | 3 | Around the hotel area, a few (20) are in forest | ||||||
Sankhu-Bahrajogini N 27°44′36.7″ E 85°28′0.9″ | 8 | 28 | 11 | 6 | 20 | 23 | 96 | 2 | Bajhrajogini forest and temple area |
Shivapuri Sundarijal forest N 27°47′25.9″ E 85°25′32.9″ | 11 | 25 | 22 | 10 | 31 | 21 | 120 | 6 | Mainly southern face of Shivapuri and top |
Nagarjun Balaju forest area N 27°45′2.4″ E 85°16′16.1″ | 13 | 49 | 35 | 20 | 69 | 37 | 223 | 7 | Problem of raiding house store, cornfield and shops |
12. Tanhun, Thaprek N 28°05′17.1″ E 84°09′22.6″ | 40 | 1 | |||||||
13. Pokhara N 28°15′10.3″ E 83°59′14.5″ | 125 | 3 | Near Kali khola former Manipal Hospital | ||||||
14. Palpa District | |||||||||
Matin Danda 1,100 m asl N 27°51′0.2″ E 83°31′32.3″ | 15 | 19 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 67 | 3 | Community forest |
Ghiunsibas, Barangdi, 1,040 m asl N 27°53′13.7″ E 83°33′5.5″ | 2 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 40 | 1 | 5 km N of Tansen |
Phanta, Khanigaun 980 m asl N 27°54′59.6″ E 83°33′3.6″ | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 25 | 1 | 9 km N of Tansen, four rhesus electrocuted 05′ |
15. Gulmi District | |||||||||
Sitheni-Gurunggaun 465 m asl 28°27′ N 83°35′ | 10 | 25 | 22 | 17 | 35 | 19 | 128 | 4 | |
Aslewa Bote Gaun 514 m asl | 12 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 28 | 1 | |||
16. Dailekh, 651 m asl N 28°56′29.9″ E 81°27′2.2″ | 25 | 1 | Bank of Karnali, near shops, 610 m asl | ||||||
N 28°57′18.9″ E 81°26′44.9″ | 30 | 1 | 651 m asl, Karnali River | ||||||
17. Achham 1,000 m asl N 28°55′0.2″ E 81°26′12.8″ | 20 | 1 | Hill top, near Chyurikand area | ||||||
18. Darchula, Mahakali 750 m asl N 29°45′59.3″ E 80°24′7.0″ | 11 | 1 | Highway to Darchula Headquarter above river | ||||||
Subtotal | 2,217 | 60 | |||||||
Rhesus grand total | 2,993 | 103 | |||||||
Appendix 2: Hanuman Langur Monkey Census in Nepal
Area/GPS location | Adult | Young | Immature | Total | Remarks Info | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Juve | Infant | Indiv | Group | ||
A. Tarai and Siwalik Hills (Hot monsoon and Subtropical Hot monsoon and Tropical below, 500–1,000 m asl) | |||||||||
1. Ilam/Jhapa, East Nepal | |||||||||
ChulaChuli VDC Barhgothe village Kause Danda and Bagdwar area N 26°42′32″ E 87°46′30″; 300 m asl | 10 | 1 | Yellowish tint fur at abdomen | ||||||
Sakphara VDC, Jare forest N 26°46′20″ E 87°41′30″; 600 m asl | 30 | 2 | |||||||
Danabari VDC, Sanokholsi forest N 26°44′50″ E 87°54′50″; 300 m asl | 15 | 1 | |||||||
2. Ramnagar, Chitwan 250–300 m asl N 27°44′ E 84°25′–N 27°43′ E 84°29′ | 300 | 19 (8–40) | Area covered east to rhino post from Devghat | ||||||
3. Nawalparasi 114 m N 27°33’61”3 E 83°46’7.3” | 1 | 1 | 2 | Male band (?) | |||||
Birta, Nawalparasi 104 m N 27°33′48.7″ E 83°46′38.8″ | 4 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 28 | 1 | |
Dumkibas, Nawalparasi, 125 m asl N 27°34′59.8″ E 83°51′34.5″ | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | Male band (?) | ||||
Daunne Hill, Nawalparasi, 187 m asl N 27°32′52.4″ E 83°50′24.3″ | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 1 | Near Temple area |
4. Rupandehi, Kharkatti | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 1 | |
5. Bardia NP, Babai river 150 m asl N 28°25′16.3″ E 81°22′49.9″ | 21 | 1 | Near the park elephant stable at the south side | ||||||
Lalmati cross road and Chisapani N 28°36′44.7″ E 81°16′46.6″; 160 m asl | 3 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 19 | 1 | Near the Karnali bridge, army post | |
6. Suklaphanta WLR N 28°56′21.8″ E 80°09′2.9″ | 3 | 4 | 3 | 10 | 1 | Inside the Wildlife reserve, Majhgaun | |||
Hirapur phanta N 28°56′38.9″ E 80°23′40.2″ | App. (30) | 1 | Few adult male and female identified. | ||||||
7. Jhilmile Tal 511 m asl N 27°33′61″3 E 83°46′7.3″ | 5 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 35 | 1 | North of Mahendranagar, Langurs mostly whitish fur |
Subtotal | 529 | 31 | |||||||
B. Mid-hills (warm temperate monsoon; cool temperate monsoon, 1,000–3,000 m asl) | |||||||||
8. Makalu Barun NP 1,600 m asl Lakuwa, N 27°32′16.0″ E 87°5′9.9″ | 79 | 4 | Langurs were mostly to the Achamkha Hill slope (59) | ||||||
Shiva MBNP 1,500 m asl N 27°31′46.8″ E 87°5′40.6″ | 27 | 1 | Langurs were along the Sankhuwa river slope (13) | ||||||
9. Langtang NP and Buffer zone | |||||||||
Bokajhunda, Sole, 1,980 m N 28°05′41.1″ E 85°16′43.6″ | <15 | 1 | |||||||
Dhunche, South Brabal 2,025 m asl N 28°06′04.4″ E 85°17′42.8″ | 30+ | 1 | New Infants in autumn | ||||||
Trishuli Bridge, 1,900 m N 28°06′41.2″ E 85°20′36.4″ | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | - | - | 13 | 1 | Near market place |
Sebrubesi east 1,466 m asl N 28°09′47.5″ E 85°20′37.9″ | 10+ | 1 | |||||||
Way to Dovan 1,545 m N 28°09′24.7″ E 85°21′02.2″ | 4 | 5 | 4 | - | 3 | 3 | 19 | 1 | Reached Thulo Sebru Village |
Pahiro 1,838 m asl N 28°09′22″ E 85°22′98″ | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 1 | |||
Bamboo forests N 28°09′15.4″ E 85°23′09.9″ | 3 | 6 | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | 15 | 1 | Bamboo south |
Bamboo, 1,802 m asl N 28°09′15.4″ E 85°23′09.9″ | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | Across Langtang river in the cliff | |||
N 28°09′12.7″ E 85°23′11.5″; 1,824 m–N 28°09′15.6″ E 85°23′40.1″; 1,950 m | 40 | 4 | Each group (10+)is 30 m asl apart average | ||||||
Bamboo 2,116 m asl N 28°09′18.4″ E 85°23′51.6″ | 7+ | 1 | Leaf harvesting | ||||||
Bamboo south forests N 28°09′17.4″ E 85°24′16.0″ | 2 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 4 | ||||
Bridge 2,141 m asl N 28°09′19″ E 85°24′32″ | 6 | 13 | 5 | 2 | 26 | 1 | One male lame | ||
Rimiche down 2,206 m asl N 28°09′23″ E 85°24′41″ | 6 | 12 | 2 | 20 | 1 | ||||
East of Lama Hotel, 2,610 m asl N 28°10′14.2″ E 85°26′13.7″ | 8+ | 1 | Area covered by snow | ||||||
Ghodatabela, 2,892 m asl N 28°12′95.3″ E 85°27′36.9″ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | Eating leaves | ||||
10. Tanhun, Thaprek N 28°05′17.1″ E 84°09′22.6″ | 99 | 2 | Groups is scattered into small subgroups | ||||||
11. Lamjung, Sattale, 1,455 m asl N 28°26′39.6″ E 84°22′51.2″ | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | Male only, eating stem pith of dry grass. | ||||
Tagring, Syange, 1,602 m asl N 28°23′47.0″ E 84°24′0.2″ | 4 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 24 | 1 | Above the Syange market | |
12. BaughaGumba, Palpa 1,060 m asl N 27°54′59.6″ E 83°31′16.1″ | 1 | 1 | Single adult male seen 6 km North of Tansen | ||||||
13. Gulmi Sitheni-Gurunggaun 465 m asl 28°27′ N 83°35′ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 14 | 1 | |
14. Myagdi, Kopche Pani, 1,950 m asl N 28°35′50.4″ E 83°38′44.4″ | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 1 | Eating along the trail side |
15. Pyuthan, Sworgadwari2,100 m asl N 28°07′16.0″ E 82°40′26.9″ | 70 | 3 | One troop (25) around the temple at North-East slope | ||||||
Subtotal | 564 | 35 | |||||||
C. High Mountains 3,000–4,000 Subalpine | |||||||||
1. Langtang village area, 3,430 m asl N 28°12′85.5″ E 085°34′54.7″ Highest altitude of primate observed | 20+ | 1 | Eating tree fruit/many infants, very white fur, crown, fair abdomen | ||||||
Subtotal | 20 | 1 | |||||||
Langur grand total | 1,113 | 67 | |||||||
Appendix 3: Assamese Monkey Census in Nepal
Area/GPS location | Adult | Young | Immature | Total | Remarks Info | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Juve | Infant | Indiv | Group | ||
B. Mid-hills (warm temperate monsoon; cool temperate monsoon 1,000–3,000 m asl) cont. | |||||||||
1. Makalu Barun NP 980–2,300 m asl Lakuwa, N 27°32′16.0″ E 87°5′9.9″ | 39 | 66 | 4 | 3 | 23 | 38 | 173 | 8 | Censused around Lakuwa and Sintup village forest |
Dankhila, 1,320 m asl N 27°30′25.7″ E 87°5′1.2″ | 24 | 38 | 3 | - | 19 | 20 | 104 | 4 | West of Sankhuwa River |
Apsuwa River 600–1,200 m asl N 27°29′9.5″ E 87°9′59.4″ | 11 | 23 | 2 | - | 15 | 16 | 67 | 4 | Mostly along the Arun River valley |
Bhumlingtar, 465 m asl N 27°27′3.0″ E 87°8′24.1″ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | Along the trail to Tamku | ||||
Heluwabesi 350 m asl N 27°25′55.9″ E 87°7′38.9″ | 2 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 1 | South of Heluwa besi at the Sal forest | ||
2. Dhankuta, Mulghat 380 m asl N 26°55′59.7″ E 87°19′29.8″ | 30 | 1 | In the first turning loop of Highway, Tamor river | ||||||
3. Langtang NP and Buffer zone | |||||||||
Melung | 4 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 30 | 1 | Transect walk and count |
Pranjal | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 1 | |||
Dahalphedi | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | |||
Sole-Brabal 2,025 m asl N 28°06′04.4″ E 85°17′42.8″ | 7 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 36 | 1 | |
Ramche 1 h from road 1,719 m asl N 28°02′21.6″ E 85°12′31.9″ | 4 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 25 | 1 | ||
Chutrabesi, Dhunche-4, 1,450 m asl N 28°05′48.2″ E 85°16′02.3″ | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 22 | 1 | ||
Pahiro 1,820 m asl N 28°09′41.4″ E 85°25′55.2″ | 2 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 26 | 1 | Summer | ||
Chilime/Sano Bharkhu 1,520 m N 28°09′01.5″ E 85°19′33.4″ | 4 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 27 | 1 | ||
Sebrubeshi, 1,450 m asl N 28°09′47.6″ E 85°20′37.3″ | 5 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 32 | 1 | Near large stone boulder wheat field |
Sebrubeshi to Bamboo 1,466 m asl N 28°09′47.5″ E 85°20′37.9″ | (20) | 1 | |||||||
Ronga bridge 1,455 m N 28°10′56.0″ E 85°20′22.2″ | 3 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 16 | 1 | ||
Tarsa, Sebrubeshi, 1,690 m N 28°11′49.5″ E 85°20′54.1″ | 3 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 21 | 1 | Ghoral was playing with immature monkeys | |
Phewyolung, Timure Bridge 1,662 m N 28°13′34.8″ E 85°21′42.0″ | 1 | 1 | Male only | ||||||
Ghattekhola 1,710 m N 28°15′49.0″ E 85°22′23.0″ | 9 | 11 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 35 | 1 | One male was far from group may be alone | |
Thulo Bharkhu 1,860 m asl N 28°07′47.0″ E 85°18′22.9″ | 4 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 23 | 1 | ||
Thulo Bharkhu Village 1,875 m asl N 28°07′54.3″ E 85°18′56.2″ | 1 | Crop-raiding, 3 km from Dhunche | |||||||
4. Shivpuri Nagarjun National Park | |||||||||
Alche/Sikre khola 1,550 m asl N 27°49′50.9″ E 85°22′23.6″ | 3 | 5 | 16 | 3 | 27 | 1 | |||
Rholche/Cha-gaun 1,525 m asl N 27°49′49.2″ E 85°24′42.2″ | 2 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 1 | |||
Sinche, 1,980 m asl N 27°49′8.7″ E 85°21′8.1″ | 5 | 6 | 14 | 4 | 29 | 1 | |||
Fulbari gate 1 500 m asl N 27°46′45.0″ E 85°21′6.6″ | 9 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 35 | 1 | |||
Mahabhir 1,830 m asl N 27°49′34.1″ E 85°25′45.3″ | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 1 | |||
Sanagaun-Mudkhu, 1,460 m asl N 27°45′45.6″ E 85°16′9.0″ | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 17 | 1 | |||
Raniban 2,000 m asl N 27°44′35.9″ E 85°15′30.9″ | 9 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 31 | 1 | |||
5. Lalitpur, Phulchoki 1,960 m asl N 27°34′39.9″ E 85°23′14.6″ | 3 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 19 | 1 | Above the Naudhara area, large loop road | |
6. Dhading district Mid Nepal | |||||||||
Kintang 1,800–2,000 m asl N 28°01′26.4″ E 85°03′7.3″ | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 1 | ||
Reegau, 2,145 m asl N 28°01′26.4″ E 85°03′7.3″ | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 1 | ||
Jogimara, 500–700 m asl N 28°7′27.4″ E 84°59′34.7″ | 6 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 26 | 1 | ||
Fisling west 400 m asl N 27°52′34.7″ E 84°35′02.08″ | 4 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 27 | 1 | ||
7. Tanhun Bajhgra 330 m asl N 27°57′15.5″ E 84°13′20.7″ | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 1 | Eating Ban Peepal fruits along Seti river |
8. Lamjung Chyamse 1,493 m asl N 28°26′25.4″ E 84°23′24.1″ | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 | 1 | Visiting the hotel garbage |
9. Gorkha, Abukhaireni 300 m asl N 27°53′54.1″ E 84°32′20.6″ | 2 | 12 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 32 | 1 | Visiting Urban dumping site 1 Juvenile lame |
10. Myagdi, Begkhola, 1,150 m asl N 28°25′55.4″ E 83°36′01.1″ | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 20 | 1 | Along the Kaligandaki River |
11. Ramdi, Palpa 420 m asl N 27°54′8.4″ E 83°38′1.6″ | 32 | 1 | Eastern forest patch above the Highway | ||||||
Total | 1,099 | 51 | |||||||
-
1.
Rhesus monkey Census in Nepal
-
A.
Tarai and Siwalik Hills (Hot monsoon and Subtropical Hot monsoon and Tropical, below 500–1,000 m asl)
-
Subtotal 880 individuals among 46 troops
-
-
B.
Mid-hills (Warm temperate monsoon; Cool temperate monsoon 1,000–3,000 m asl)
-
Subtotal 2,113 individuals among 59 troops
-
Grand Total Rhesus 2,993 individuals in 103 troops
-
A.
-
2.
Hanuman Langur monkey Census in Nepal
-
A.
Tarai and Siwalik Hills (Hot monsoon and Subtropical Hot monsoon and Tropical below 500–1,000 m asl)
-
Subtotal 529 individuals among 31 troops
-
-
B.
Mid-hills (Warm temperate monsoon; Cool temperate monsoon, 1,000–3,000 m asl)
-
Subtotal 564 individuals among 35 troops
-
-
C.
High Mountains 3,000–4,000 Subalpine
-
Subtotal 20 individuals in one troop
-
Grand Total Langur 1,113 individuals in 67 troops
-
A.
-
3.
Assamese monkey Census in Nepal
-
B.
Mid-hills (Warm temperate monsoon; Cool temperate monsoon, 1,000–3,000 m asl)
Grand Total Assamese 1,099 individuals in 51 troops
-
B.
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Chalise, M.K. (2013). Fragmented Primate Population of Nepal. In: Marsh, L., Chapman, C. (eds) Primates in Fragments. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8839-2_22
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