Skip to main content

Practice Test #3: Difficulty Level—Hard

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1125 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References and Suggested Readings

  • ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/106/14/1883.

  • Ahlberg AW, Baghdasarian SB, Athar H, et al. Symptom-limited exercise combined with dipyridamole stress: prognostic value in assessment of known or suspected coronary artery disease by use of gated SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2008;15:42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akinboboye OO, Idris O, Chou RL, et al. Absolute quantitation of coronary steal induced by intravenous dipyridamole. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akinpelu D (ed). Treadmill stress testing. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1827089. Accessed 11 Oct 2012

  • Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC). http://www.astellasapps.com/web_app/resources-definitions.html. Accessed 12 June 2012

  • ASNC. http://www.asnc.org/imageuploads/ImagingGuidelinesFPRNA020509.pdf.

  • ASNC. Pharmacologic and exercise stress tests. http://www.asnc.org/media/PDFs/PPStressTests081511.pdf. Accessed 07 April 2012.

  • Astellas. http://www.astellas.us/docs/lexiscan.pdf. Accessed 28 July 2012

  • Baggish LA, Boucher AC. Radiopharmaceutical agents for myocardial perfusion imaging. Circulation. 2008;118:1668–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee A, Newman DR, Van den Bruel A, Heneghan C. Diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66, 5:477–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beller GA, Zaret BL. Contributions of nuclear cardiology to diagnosis and prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2000;101:1465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bengel MF, Higuchi T, et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biology on line. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ribosomes. Accessed 23 July 2012

  • Bogaty P, Poirier P, Boyer L, et al. What induces the warm-up ischemia/angina phenomenon: exercise or myocardial ischemia? Circulation. 2003;107:1858.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonow OR, Mann LD, Zipes PD, et al. Braunwald’s heart disease—a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell S, MacDonald A. Artifacts and pitfalls in myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med Technol. 2006;34:193–211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayes theorem. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10301. Accessed 17 May 2012

  • Caldwell JH, Link JM, Levy WC, et al. Evidence for pre- to postsynaptic mismatch of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system in ischemic congestive heart failure. J Nucl Med. 2008;49(2):234–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC. Perceived exertion (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale). http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/measuring/exertion.html. Accessed 20 Sept 2012

  • Cerqueira MD, Allman KC, Ficaro EP, et al. Recommendations for reducing radiation exposure in myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17:709–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry S, Sorenson J, Phelps M. Physics in nuclear medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian PE, Bernier DR, Langan JK. Nuclear medicine and PET. Technology and techniques. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantine G, Shan K, Flamm SD, Sivananthan MU. Role of MRI in clinical cardiology. Lancet. 2004;363:2162–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N, et al. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • DePuey EG. Advances in SPECT camera software and hardware: currently available and new on the horizon. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19(3):551–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dilsizian V, Narula J, Braunwald E. Atlas of nuclear cardiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Current Medicine; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmett L, Iwanochko RM, Freeman MR, Barolet A, Lee DS, Husain M. Reversible regional wall motion abnormalities on exercise technetium- 99m-gated cardiac single photon emission computed tomography predict high-grade angiographic stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:991–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • English RJ, Brown SE. SPECT single photon emission computed tomography: a primer. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson K, Kacperski K, van Gramberg D, Hutton BF. Performance evaluation of D-SPECT: a novel SPECT system for nuclear cardiology. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54:2635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng B, Sitek A, Gullberg GT. Calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction without edge detection: application to small hearts. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:786–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ficaro EP, Hansen CL. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology: Imaging guidelines for nuclear cardiology procedures. Available at: http://www.asnc.org/imageuploads/ImagingGuidelinesComplete070709.pdf. Accessed 01 June 2011.

  • Fleming JS. A technique for using CT images in attenuation correction and quantification in SPECT. Nucl Med Commun. 1989;10:83–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukumoto M. Single-photon agents for tumor imaging: 201Tl, 99mTc- MIBI, and 99mTc-tetroformin. Ann Nucl Med. 2004;18:79–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuster V, O’Rourke RA, Walsh RA, Poole Wilson P. “Hurst’s The Heart.” 12th ed. 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Germano G, Berman SD. Clinical gated cardiac SPECT. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell; 2006.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Germano G. Technical aspects of myocardial SPECT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1499–507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh N, Rimoldi EO, Beanlands SBR, et al. Assessment of myocardial ischaemia and viability: role of positron emission tomography. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2984–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing. Summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2002;106(14):1883–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:2092–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons JR. Imaging techniques. Myocardial perfusion imaging. Heart. 2000;83:355–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberger LA. Clinical electrocardiography: a simplified approach. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes SW, De Lorenzo A, Hachamovitch R, et al. Prognostic implications of combined prone and supine acquisitions in patients with equivocal or abnormal supine myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1633.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heller VG. Attenuation artifact in SPECT radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/attenuation-artifact-in-spect-radionuclide-myocardial-perfusion-imaging. Accessed 18 June 2012.

  • Heller VG, Lundbye BJ, Kapetanopoulos A. Vasodilator stress radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging: testing methodologies and safety. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed 22 July 2011.

  • Hendel CR et al. ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 appropriate use criteria for cardiac radionuclide imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(23):2201–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendel RC, Corbett JR, Cullom SJ, et al. The value and practice of attenuation correction for myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging: a joint position statement from the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002;9:135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill J, Timmis A. ABC of clinical electrocardiography. Exercise tolerance testing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123032/pdf/1084.pdf. Accessed 21 Nov 2012.

  • Ho BV, Reddy PG. Cardiovascular imaging. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holly AT, Abbott GB, Al-Mallah M, et al. ASNC imaging guidelines for nuclear cardiology procedures. Single photon-emission computed tomography. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17:941–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Husain SS. Myocardial perfusion imaging protocols: is there an ideal protocol? J Nucl Med Technol. 2007;35:3–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim YD, DiFilippo PF. Optimal SPECT processing and display: making bad studies look good to get the right answer. J Nucl Cardiol. 2006;13:855–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ICRP. The 1996 ICRP21. Oxford: Pergamon; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRP 2001 Supporting Guidance 2. Radiation and your patient: a guide for medical practitioners. Ann ICRP 31. Pergamon, Oxford. ICRP website: www.icrp.org/docs/ICRP_85_Interventional_s.pps. Accessed 1 July 2012

  • Iskandar A, et al. Gender differences in the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging: a bivariate meta-analysis. ASNC 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Iskandrian EA, Garcia VE. Atlas of nuclear cardiology: imaging companion to Braunwald’s heart disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iskandrian AE, Verani MS, et al. Nuclear cardiac imaging and principles applications. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaffer F, Narula J. Molecular imaging of atherosclerosis: a biologic roadmap. In: Dilsizian V, Narula J, Braunwald E, editors. Atlas of nuclear cardiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Current Medicine; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil MM, editor. Basic sciences of nuclear medicine. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinahan PE, Townsend DW, Beyer T, et al. Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner. Med Phys. 1998;25:2046–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klabunde ER. Cardiovascular physiology concepts. http://www.cvphysiology.com/CAD/CAD003.htm. Accessed 21 July 2012

  • Koller D. Assessing diagnostic performance in nuclear cardiology. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002;9:114–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi MH. Radiation safety in nuclear medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press LLC; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Möller A, Souvatzoglou M, Navab N, et al. Artifacts from misaligned CT in cardiac perfusion PET/CT studies: frequency, effects, and potential solutions. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:188–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald A, Burrell AS. Infrequently performed studies in nuclear medicine: Part 1. J Nucl Med Technol. 2008;36:132–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machecourt J, Longére P, Fagret D. Prognostic value of thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging according to extent of myocardial defect: study in 1,926 patients with follow-up at 33 months. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1096–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manglos SH, Thomas FD, Gagne GM, Hellwig BJ. Phantom study of breast tissue attenuation in myocardial imaging. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margazi ZJ, Anastasiou-Nana MI, Terrovitis J, et al. Indium-111 monoclonal antimyosin cardiac scintigraphy in suspected acute myocarditis: evolution and diagnostic impact. Int J Cardiol. 2003;90:239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell Jr FE, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:793–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MedlinePlus. Cardiac amyloidosis. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000193.htm. Accessed 22 Sept 2012

  • Min KJ, Williams AK, Okwuosa MT, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease by erectile dysfunction in men referred for nuclear stress testing. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:201–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison RA, Sinusas JA. New molecular imaging targets to characterize myocardial biology. Cardiol Clin. 2009;27:329–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer AV; and on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Screening for Coronary Heart Disease with Electrocardiography: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement Ann Intern Med. 31 July 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narula J, Kietselaer B, Hofstra L. Role of molecular imaging in defining and denying death. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11:349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor KM, Kemp JB. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography: basic instrumentation and innovations. Semin Nucl Med. 2006;36:258–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papaioannou IG, Heller VG. Exercise radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary heart disease. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed 22 July 2011.

  • Paul KI, Nabi AH. Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: basic principles, technical aspects, and clinical applications. J Nucl Med Technol. 2004;32:179–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps ME, editor. PET: molecular imaging and its clinical applications. New York: Springer; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigent FM, Hyun M, Berman DS, Rozanski A. Effect of motion on thallium-201 SPECT studies: a simulation and clinical study. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1845–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubidium Rb-82 Generator. http://www.nuclearonline.org/PI/Cardiogen.pdf. Accessed 13 July 2012.

  • Schelbert RH. Quantification of myocardial blood flow: what is the clinical role? Cardiol Clin. 2009;27:277–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schinkel FLA, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Bax JJ. Assessment of myocardial viability in patients with heart failure. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1135–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharir T, Germano G, Kang XP, et al. Prediction of myocardial infarction versus cardiac death by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: risk stratification by the amount of stress-induced ischemia and the poststress ejection fraction. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:831–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharir T, Germano G, Kavanagh PB, et al. Incremental prognostic value of poststress left ventricular ejection fraction and volume by gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation. 1999;100:1035–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp FP, Gemmell GH, Murray DA, editors. Practical nuclear medicine. 3rd ed. Springer: London; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • SNM.AHA.ACR. Standardization of cardiac tomographic imaging. J Nucl Med 33; 7 July 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Society of Nuclear Medicine. Procedure guideline for gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. http://interactive.snm.org/docs/pg_ch01_0403.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2012

  • Smuclovisky C. Coronary artery CTA. A case based atlas. Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statkiewicz-Sherer MA, Ritenour ER, Visconti PJ. Radiation protection in medical radiography. 6th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Inc; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storto LM, Marano R, Maddestra N, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Multislice spiral computed tomography for in-stent restenosis. Circulation. 2002;105(16):2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takalkar A, Agarwal A, Adams S, et al. Cardiac assessment with PET. PET Clin 2011;6(4)

    Google Scholar 

  • Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report. Circulation 2002;106:3143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas GS, Thompson RC, Miyamoto MI, et al. The RegEx trial: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled pilot study combining regadenoson, a selective A 2A adenosine agonist, with low-level exercise, in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16(1):63–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thrall HJ, Taveras MJ. Nuclear medicine: the requisites in radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toba M, Kumita S, Cho K, et al. Usefulness of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging soon after exercise to identify postexercise stunning in patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11:697–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Travin IM. Cardiac cameras. Semin Nucl Med. 2011;41:182–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Udelson JE, Shafer CD, Carrio I. Radionuclide imaging in heart failure: assessing etiology and outcomes and implications for management. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002;9:S40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallejo E, Dione DP, Bruni WL, et al. Reproducibility and accuracy of gated SPECT for determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: experimental validation using MRI. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:874–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voet D, Voet GJ, Pratt WC. Fundamentals of biochemistry. 2nd ed. Wiley. 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wackers FJT. On the bright side. J Nucl Cardiol. 2005;12:378–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wackers FJT, Brown KA, Heller GV, et al. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology position statement on radionuclide imaging in patients with suspected acute ischemic syndromes in the emergency department or chest pain center. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002;9:246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wackers FJT, Bruni W, Zaret LB. Nuclear cardiology: the basics: how to set up and maintain a laboratory. Totowa, NJ: Humana; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh EP. Interventional electrophysiology in patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115:3224–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber TK, Janicki SJ. The metabolic demand and oxygen supply of the heart: physiologic and clinical considerations. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44(4):1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheat J, Currie G. Reconstruction strategies for gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: are false negatives a potential problem? Internet J Cardiol 2006; 4(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu CM, Lin H, Zhang Q, et al. High prevalence of left ventricular systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure and normal QRS duration. Heart. 2003;89:54–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi H, Hasegawa B. Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:291.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaret BL, Beller GA. Clinical nuclear cardiology: state of the art and future directions. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubal GI, Wisniewski G. Understanding Fourier space and filter selection. J Nucl Cardiol. 1997;4:234–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrzej Moniuszko ARRT (N), PET, NCT. .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moniuszko, A., Kesala, B.A. (2014). Practice Test #3: Difficulty Level—Hard. In: Nuclear Cardiology Study Guide. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8645-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8645-9_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8644-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8645-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics