Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Principles and Practice of Stereotactic Radiosurgery pp 135–146Cite as

Charged Particles in Stereotactic Radiosurgery

  • Chapter

Abstract

Charged particle radiotherapy has distinct physical and radiobiological advantages when compared to photon radiation. The depth–dose distribution of particles is characterized by a Bragg peak which results in minimal dose delivery beyond the treatment volume and, consequently, relative sparing of organs-at-risk. Additionally, the therapeutic efficacy of particle therapy is less likely to be influenced by intrinsic mechanisms of radioresistance such as hypoxia and cell cycle position. Recent advances in patient positioning, immobilization, and image-guidance have allowed investigation into particle radiosurgery, which combines particle therapy with a hypofractionated, stereotactic treatment approach. While the preliminary local control, survival, and toxicity outcomes from studies of multiple tumor sites are promising, randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether improved efficacy and reduced morbidity justify the use of particle radiosurgery despite higher financial costs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chang JY, Zhang X, Wang X, Kang Y, Riley B, Bilton S, et al. Significant reduction of normal tissue dose by proton radiotherapy compared with three-dimensional conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy in Stage I or Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65(4):1087–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Auberger T, Seydl K, Futschek T, Sztankay A, Sweeney RA, Lukas P. Photons or protons: precision radiotherapy of lung cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2007;183(Spec No 2):3–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Georg D, Hillbrand M, Stock M, Dieckmann K, Potter R. Can protons improve SBRT for lung lesions? Dosimetric considerations. Radiother Oncol. 2008;88(3):368–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang X, Li Y, Pan X, Xiaoqiang L, Mohan R, Komaki R, et al. Intensity-modulated proton therapy reduces the dose to normal tissue compared with intensity-modulated radiation therapy or passive scattering proton therapy and enables individualized radical radiotherapy for extensive stage IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: a virtual clinical study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;77(2):357–66.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Albertini F, Bolsi A, Lomax AJ, Rutz HP, Timmerman B, Goitein G. Sensitivity of intensity modulated proton therapy plans to changes in patient weight. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86(2):187–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Engelsman M, Rietzel E, Kooy HM. Four-dimensional proton treatment planning for lung tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(5):1589–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chang JY, Cox JD. Improving radiation conformality in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2010;20(3):171–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhao L, Sandison GA, Farr JB, Hsi WC, Li XA. Dosimetric impact of intrafraction motion for compensator-based proton therapy of lung cancer. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(12):3343–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hui Z, Zhang X, Starkschall G, Li Y, Mohan R, Komaki R, et al. Effects of interfractional motion and anatomic changes on proton therapy dose distribution in lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(5):1385–95.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kang Y, Zhang X, Chang JY, Wang H, Wei X, Liao Z, et al. 4D Proton treatment planning strategy for mobile lung tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(3):906–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ando K, Kase Y. Biological characteristics of carbon-ion therapy. Int J Radiat Biol. 2009;85(9):715–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gerweck LE, Kozin SV. Relative biological effectiveness of proton beams in clinical therapy. Radiother Oncol. 1999;50(2):135–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, Michalski J, Straube W, Bradley J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. JAMA. 2010;303(11):1070–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Nagata Y, Takayama K, Matsuo Y, Norihisa Y, Mizowaki T, Sakamoto T, et al. Clinical outcomes of a phase I/II study of 48 Gy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for primary lung cancer using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(5):1427–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Uematsu M, Shioda A, Suda A, Fukui T, Ozeki Y, Hama Y, et al. Computed tomography-guided frameless stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a 5-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51(3):666–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Xia T, Li H, Sun Q, Wang Y, Fan N, Yu Y, et al. Promising clinical outcome of stereotactic body radiation therapy for patients with inoperable Stage I/II non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:117–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stauder MC, Macdonald OK, Olivier KR, Call JA, Lafata K, Mayo CS, et al. Early pulmonary toxicity following lung stereotactic body radiation therapy delivered in consecutive daily fractions. Radiother Oncol. 2011;99:166–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Mizowaki T, Narita Y, Matsuo Y, Norihisa Y, et al. Survey of stereotactic body radiation therapy in Japan by the Japan 3-D Conformal External Beam Radiotherapy Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(2):343–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Joyner M, Salter BJ, Papanikolaou N, Fuss M. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for centrally located lung lesions. Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):802–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, Papiez L, Tudor K, DeLuca J, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(30):4833–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Register SP, Zhang X, Mohan R, Chang JY. Proton stereotactic body radiation therapy for clinically challenging cases of centrally and superiorly located stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;80(4):1015–22.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Macdonald OK, Kruse JJ, Miller JM, Garces YI, Brown PD, Miller RC, et al. Proton beam radiotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal stereotactic body radiotherapy in primary peripheral, early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a comparative dosimetric analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(3):950–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Fujino M, Gomi K, et al. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HypoFXSRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: updated results of 257 patients in a Japanese multi-institutional study. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(7 Suppl 3):S94–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, Papiez L, Williams M, Henderson MA, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: four-year results of a prospective phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(3):677–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Baumann P, Nyman J, Lax I, Friesland S, Hoyer M, Rehn Ericsson S, et al. Factors important for efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy of medically inoperable stage I lung cancer. A retrospective analysis of patients treated in the Nordic countries. Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):787–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nagata Y, Negoro Y, Aoki T, Mizowaki T, Takayama K, Kokubo M, et al. Clinical outcomes of 3D conformal hypofractionated single high-dose radiotherapy for one or two lung tumors using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52(4):1041–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hara R, Itami J, Kondo T, Aruga T, Uno T, Sasano N, et al. Clinical outcomes of single-fraction stereotactic radiation therapy of lung tumors. Cancer. 2006;106(6):1347–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Grills IS, Mangona VS, Welsh R, Chmielewski G, McInerney E, Martin S, et al. Outcomes after stereotactic lung radiotherapy or wedge resection for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(6):928–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ricardi U, Filippi AR, Guarneri A, Giglioli FR, Ciammella P, Franco P, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer: results of a prospective trial. Lung Cancer. 2009;68(1):72–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lagerwaard FJ, Haasbeek CJ, Smit EF, Slotman BJ, Senan S. Outcomes of risk-adapted fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70(3):685–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Shibata T, Onishi H. A phase II trial of Stereotactic body radiation therapy for operable TIN0M0 non-small cell lung cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG0403). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;78:S27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Senan S, Verstegen N, Haasbeek C, Slotman B, Lagerwaard FJ. Outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer who are fit to undergo surgery. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:Suppl abst 7051.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bush DA, Slater JD, Shin BB, Cheek G, Miller DW, Slater JM. Hypofractionated proton beam radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer. Chest. 2004;126(4):1198–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nihei K, Ogino T, Ishikura S, Nishimura H. High-dose proton beam therapy for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65(1):107–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hata M, Tokuuye K, Kagei K, Sugahara S, Nakayama H, Fukumitsu N, et al. Hypofractionated high-dose proton beam therapy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: preliminary results of a phase I/II clinical study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68(3):786–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Iwata H, Murakami M, Demizu Y, Miyawaki D, Terashima K, Niwa Y, et al. High-dose proton therapy and carbon-ion therapy for stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(10):2476–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Westover KD, Seco J, Adams JA, Lanuti M, Choi NC, Engelsman M, et al. Proton SBRT for medically inoperable stage I NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7(6):1021–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Miyamoto T, Baba M, Yamamoto N, Koto M, Sugawara T, Yashiro T, et al. Curative treatment of Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer with carbon ion beams using a hypofractionated regimen. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(3):750–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Miyamoto T, Baba M, Sugane T, Nakajima M, Yashiro T, Kagei K, et al. Carbon ion radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer using a regimen of four fractions during 1 week. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(10):916–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Okada T, Kamada T, Tsuji H, Mizoe JE, Baba M, Kato S, et al. Carbon ion radiotherapy: clinical experiences at National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS). J Radiat Res. 2010;51(4):355–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Chang JY, Komaki R, Wen HY, De Gracia B, Bluett JB, McAleer MF, et al. Toxicity and patterns of failure of adaptive/ablative proton therapy for early-stage, medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;80:1350–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Shioyama Y, Tokuuye K, Okumura T, Kagei K, Sugahara S, Ohara K, et al. Clinical evaluation of proton radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56(1):7–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Nakayama H, Satoh H, Sugahara S, Kurishima K, Tsuboi K, Sakurai H, et al. Proton beam therapy of Stage II and III non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81(4):979–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sejpal S, Komaki R, Tsao A, Chang JY, Liao Z, Wei X, et al. Early findings on toxicity of proton beam therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2011;117(13):3004–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Chang JY, Komaki R, Lu C, Wen HY, Allen PK, Tsao A, et al. Phase 2 study of high-dose proton therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for unresectable stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2011;117(20):4707–13.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Taddei PJ, Howell RM, Krishnan S, Scarboro SB, Mirkovic D, Newhauser WD. Risk of second malignant neoplasm following proton versus intensity-modulated photon radiotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55(23):7055–65.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Skinner HD, Hong TS, Krishnan S. Charged-particle therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2011;21(4):278–86.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hata M, Tokuuye K, Sugahara S, Kagei K, Igaki H, Hashimoto T, et al. Proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Cancer. 2005;104(4):794–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wang X, Krishnan S, Zhang X, Dong L, Briere T, Crane CH, et al. Proton radiotherapy for liver tumors: dosimetric advantages over photon plans. Med Dosim. 2008;33(4):259–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mizumoto M, Tokuuye K, Sugahara S, Nakayama H, Fukumitsu N, Ohara K, et al. Proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to the porta hepatis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71(2):462–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hata M, Tokuuye K, Sugahara S, Fukumitsu N, Hashimoto T, Ohnishi K, et al. Proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with limited treatment options. Cancer. 2006;107(3):591–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Sugahara S, Oshiro Y, Nakayama H, Fukuda K, Mizumoto M, Abei M, et al. Proton beam therapy for large hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(2):460–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fukumitsu N, Sugahara S, Nakayama H, Fukuda K, Mizumoto M, Abei M, et al. A prospective study of hypofractionated proton beam therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(3):831–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bush DA, Hillebrand DJ, Slater JM, Slater JD. High-dose proton beam radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results of a phase II trial. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S189–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kato H, Yamada S, Yasuda S, Yamaguchi K, Ohno I, Ohto M, et al. Four-fraction carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4090. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition) (14S).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Imada H, Kato H, Yasuda S, Yamada S, Yanagi T, Kishimoto R, et al. Comparison of efficacy and toxicity of short-course carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma depending on their proximity to the porta hepatis. Radiother Oncol. 2010;96(2):231–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Imada H, Yasuda S, Shinoto M, et al. Carbon ion radiotherapy for liver cancer. In: Proceedings of NIRS-ETOILE second joint symposium on carbon ion radiotherapy. Centre Etoile, Lyon: NIRS-M-243; 2011. p. 46–53.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Tsujii H, Kamada T. A review of update clinical results of carbon ion radiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2012;42(8):670–85.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Levy RP, Schulte RW, Slater JD, Miller DW, Slater JM. Stereotactic radiosurgery—the role of charged particles. Acta Oncol. 1999;38(2):165–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hattangadi JA, Chapman PH, Bussiere MR, Niemierko A, Ogilvy CS, Rowell A, et al. Planned two-fraction proton beam stereotactic radiosurgery for high-risk inoperable cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(2):533–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Harsh GR, Thornton AF, Chapman PH, Bussiere MR, Rabinov JD, Loeffler JS. Proton beam stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54(1):35–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Murphy ES, Suh JH. Radiotherapy for vestibular schwannomas: a critical review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(4):985–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Vernimmen FJ, Mohamed Z, Slabbert JP, Wilson J. Long-term results of stereotactic proton beam radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas. Radiother Oncol. 2009;90(2):208–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Halasz LM, Bussiere MR, Dennis ER, Niemierko A, Chapman PH, Loeffler JS, et al. Proton stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of benign meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81(5):1428–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Petit JH, Biller BM, Coen JJ, Swearingen B, Ancukiewicz M, Bussiere M, et al. Proton stereotactic radiosurgery in management of persistent acromegaly. Endocr Pract. 2007;13(7):726–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Petit JH, Biller BM, Yock TI, Swearingen B, Coen JJ, Chapman P, et al. Proton stereotactic radiotherapy for persistent adrenocorticotropin-producing adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(2):393–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lodge M, Pijls-Johannesma M, Stirk L, Munro AJ, De Ruysscher D, Jefferson T. A systematic literature review of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of hadron therapy in cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2007;83(2):110–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Konski A, Speier W, Hanlon A, Beck JR, Pollack A. Is proton beam therapy cost effective in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate? J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(24):3603–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Peeters A, Grutters JP, Pijls-Johannesma M, Reimoser S, De Ruysscher D, Severens JL, et al. How costly is particle therapy? Cost analysis of external beam radiotherapy with carbon-ions, protons and photons. Radiother Oncol. 2010;95(1):45–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hede K. Research groups promoting proton therapy “lite”. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(23):1682–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Jones B. The case for particle therapy. Br J Radiol. 2006;79(937):24–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jiang H, Seco J, Paganetti H. Effects of Hounsfield number conversion on CT based proton Monte Carlo dose calculations. Med Phys. 2007;34(4):1439–49.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Andreo P. On the clinical spatial resolution achievable with protons and heavier charged particle radiotherapy beams. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(11):N205–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Carabe A, Moteabbed M, Depauw N, Schuemann J, Paganetti H. Range uncertainty in proton therapy due to variable biological effectiveness. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57(5):1159–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Paganetti H. Nuclear interactions in proton therapy: dose and relative biological effect distributions originating from primary and secondary particles. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47(5):747–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Secondary neutrons in clinical proton radiotherapy: a charged issue. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86(2):165–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Miralbell R, Lomax A, Cella L, Schneider U. Potential reduction of the incidence of radiation-induced second cancers by using proton beams in the treatment of pediatric tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54(3):824–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA

    Shervin M. Shirvani M.D.

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Joe Y. Chang M.D., Ph.D., M.S.

Authors
  1. Shervin M. Shirvani M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joe Y. Chang M.D., Ph.D., M.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joe Y. Chang M.D., Ph.D., M.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA

    Lawrence S. Chin

  2. Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    William F. Regine

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shirvani, S.M., Chang, J.Y. (2015). Charged Particles in Stereotactic Radiosurgery. In: Chin, L., Regine, W. (eds) Principles and Practice of Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8363-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8363-2_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8362-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8363-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation