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The Role of Pharmacokinetics and Allometrics in Imaging: Practical Issues and Considerations

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Pharmaco-Imaging in Drug and Biologics Development

Part of the book series: AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series ((AAPS,volume 8))

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Abstract

“Disease” can be best defined as a complex array of biological activities which are all relational to the underlying changes in the normal physiology of the species. The study of disease from infections to tumors, from mice through various species, is fraught with significant differences in tissue and organ blood flow, organ sizes, physiologic functional differences, metabolic biomarkers, structural uniqueness (“lock and key” receptor specificity), varied and unique immunologic responses, and indeed all of these partake in some manner in the control and definition of each species. The goal of imaging is to provide either some key biomarker or metabolite that provides translational time–activity responses or anatomical distinctions over time that reflect the natural history (NHx) of a disease or ways to describe the biologic changes that are in question as a result of pathology. Allometric analysis thus may be necessary in the selection of dosing where target saturation may be important, species show variation in target affinities, imaging is time dependent and physiologic “clocks” vary, and many other considerations. This chapter attempts to describe such situations as well as currently used approaches.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    IV, IM, SC, IP, PO, etc. refer to intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, orally, etc., respectively.

  2. 2.

    Specific radioactivity is the ratio of the radioactive isotope, i.e., Tc-99m, to the cold (stable) isotope, i.e., Tc-99, in, for example, Ci/mmol. A high-specific radioactivity product is needed for a Phase “0” study to reduce the mass.

  3. 3.

    Copper concentrations at 5 micromolar (μM) may stimulate respiratory and collapse of the membrane potential of mitochondria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BRMoyer & Associates, LLC, 23 Hawk Drive, Bedford, NH, 03110, USA

    Brian R. Moyer

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  1. Brian R. Moyer
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Correspondence to Brian R. Moyer .

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  1. BRMoyer & Associates, LLC, Bedford, New Hampshire, USA

    Brian R. Moyer

  2. Covidien, Hazelwood, Missouri, USA

    Narayan P.S. Cheruvu

  3. Health and Human Services Office of the Asst Secretary of Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Tom C.-C. Hu

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Moyer, B.R. (2014). The Role of Pharmacokinetics and Allometrics in Imaging: Practical Issues and Considerations. In: Moyer, B., Cheruvu, N., Hu, TC. (eds) Pharmaco-Imaging in Drug and Biologics Development. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 8. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8247-5_5

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