Abstract
This book summarizes current understanding of the biogeochemistry of a northern hardwood forest ecosystem at the HBEF in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It emphasizes the usefulness of the small watershed technique for biogeochemical measurement in shedding light on ecosystem function and change. The characteristics of the HBEF watersheds revolve around the forest that covers these hillslopes and the water that passes through this thin veneer of biological organisms.
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7810-2_9
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ågren GI, Andersson FO (2012) Terrestrial ecosystem ecology – principles and applications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01107-6
Bernal S, Hedin LO, Likens GE, Gerber S, Buso DC (2012) Complex response of the forest nitrogen cycle to climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(9):3406–3411. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121448109
Bormann FH, Likens GE (1967) Nutrient cycling. Science 155:424–429
Bormann FH, Likens GE (1979) Pattern and process of a forested ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 253 pp
Butler TJ, Likens GE, Stunder BJB (2001) Regional-scale impacts of Phase I of the Clean Air Act Amendments in the USA: the relation between emissions and concentrations, both wet and dry. Atmos Environ 35(6):1015–1028
Claridge GGC (1970) Studies in element balances in a small catchment at Taita, New Zealand. In: Proceedings of the international association of scientific hydrology, UNESCO symposium, on results of research on representative and experimental basins, Wellington, New Zealand, December 1970, pp 523–540
Croat TB (1972) The role of overpopulation and agricultural methods in the destruction of tropical ecosystems. Bioscience 22(8):465–467
Douglass JE, Swank WT (1972) Streamflow modification through management of Eastern forests. USDA Forest Service Research Paper SE-94. Southeast Forest Experiment Station, Washington, DC. 15 pp
Driscoll CT, Lawrence GB, Bulger AJ, Butler TJ, Cronan CS, Eagar C, Fallon Lambert K, Likens GE, Stoddard JL, Weathers KC (2001) Acidic deposition in the northeastern United States: sources and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies. Bioscience 51(3):180–198
Findlay SEG (2013) Organic matter decomposition. In: Weathers KC, Strayer DL, Likens GE (eds) Fundamentals of ecosystem science. Academic, New York, pp 75–94
Franklin JF, Lindenmayer DB, MacMahon JA, McKee A, Magnuson J, Perry DA, Waide R, Foster DR (2000) Threads of continuity: ecosystem disturbances, biological legacies and ecosystem recovery. Conserv Biol Pract 1(1):8–16
Gómez-Pompa A, Vázquez-Yanes C, Guevara S (1972) The tropical rainforest: a nonrenewable resource. Science 177:762–765
Groffman PM, Rosi-Marshall E (2013) The nitrogen cycle. In: Weathers KC, Strayer DL, Likens GE (eds) Fundamentals of ecosystem science. Academic, New York, pp 137–158
Groffman PM, Rustad LE, Templer PH, Campbell JL, Christenson LM, Lany NK, Socci AM, Vadeboncoeur MA, Schaberg PG, Wilson GF, Driscoll CT, Fahey TJ, Fisk MC, Goodale CL, Green MB, Hamburg SP, Johnson CE, Mitchell MJ, Morse JL, Pardo LH, Rodenhouse NL (2012) Long-term integrated studies show complex and surprising effects of climate change in the northern hardwood forest. Bioscience 62(12):1056–1066
Houlton BZ, Driscoll CT, Fahey TJ, Likens GE, Groffman PM, Bernhardt ES, Buso DC (2003) Nitrogen dynamics in ice storm-damaged forest ecosystems: implications for nitrogen limitation theory. Ecosystems 6(5):431–443
Johnson NM, Likens GE, Bormann FH, Fisher DW, Pierce RS (1969) A working model for the variation in streamwater chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Water Resour Res 5(6):1353–1363
Likens GE (ed) (1981) Some perspectives of the major biogeochemical cycles, vol 17. SCOPE IVth general assembly, Stockholm, Sweden. Wiley, Chichester, 170 pp
Likens GE (2004) Some perspectives on long-term biogeochemical research from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Ecology 85(9):2355–2362
Likens GE (2010) The role of science in decision making: does evidence-based science drive environmental policy? Front Ecol Environ 8(6):e1–e8. doi:10.1890/090132
Likens GE, Bormann FH (1972) Nutrient cycling in ecosystems. In: Wiens J (ed) Ecosystems structure and function. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR, pp 25–67
Likens GE, Bormann FH (1974a) Acid rain: a serious regional environmental problem. Science 184(4143):1176–1179
Likens GE, Buso DC (2006) Variation in streamwater chemistry throughout the Hubbard Brook Valley. Biogeochemistry 78:1–30
Likens GE, Buso DC (2010a) Long-term changes in streamwater chemistry following disturbance in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, USA. Verh Int Verein Limnol 30(10):1577–1581
Likens GE, Buso DC (2012) Dilution and the elusive baseline. Environ Sci Technol 46(8):4382–4387. doi:10.1021/es3000189
Likens GE, Franklin JF (2009) Ecosystem thinking in the Northern Forest – and beyond. Bioscience 59(6):511–513
Likens GE, Bormann FH, Johnson NM, Pierce RS (1967) The calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium budgets for a small forested ecosystem. Ecology 48:772–785
Likens GE, Bormann FH, Johnson NM, Fisher DW, Pierce RS (1970) The effect of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystem. Ecol Monogr 40(1):23–47
Likens GE, Bormann FH, Johnson NM (1972) Acid rain. Environment 14(2):33–40
Likens GE, Driscoll CT, Buso DC (1996) Long-term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 272:244–246
Likens GE, Driscoll CT, Buso DC, Siccama TG, Johnson CE, Lovett GM, Fahey TJ, Reiners WA, Ryan DF, Martin CW, Bailey SW (1998) The biogeochemistry of calcium at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry 41(2):89–173
Likens GE, Butler TJ, Buso DC (2001) Long- and short-term changes in sulfate deposition: effects of The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Biogeochemistry 52(1):1–11
Likens GE, Driscoll CT, Buso DC, Mitchell MJ, Lovett GM, Bailey SW, Siccama TG, Reiners WA, Alewell C (2002a) The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry 60(3):235–316
Likens GE, Buso DC, Butler TJ (2005) Long-term relationships between SO2 and NOX emissions and SO4 2- and NO3 - concentration in bulk deposition at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. J Environ Monit 7(10):964–968
Lindenmayer DB, Likens GE (2010) Effective ecological monitoring. CSIRO Publishing and Earthscan, 170 pp
Lindenmayer DB, Banks SC, Blanchard W, Blair D, Franklin JF, Gibbons P, Ikin K, Laurance WF, Likens GE, Manning AD, McBurney L, Stein JAR (2013) New policies for old trees: averting a global crisis in populations of a keystone ecological structure. Biol Conserv
Schlesinger WH, Bernhardt ES (2013) Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego
Schlesinger WH, Cole JJ, Finzi AC, Holland EA (2011) Introduction to coupled biogeochemical cycles. Front Ecol Environ 9:5–8
Siccama TG, Fahey TJ, Johnson CE, Sherry T, Denny EG, Girdler EB, Likens GE, Schwarz P (2007) Population and biomass dynamics of trees in a northern hardwood forest at Hubbard Brook. Can J For Res 37:737–749
Zhang Y, Mitchell MJ, Driscoll CT, Likens GE (1999) Changes in soil sulfur constituents in a forested watershed 8 years after whole-tree harvesting. Can J For Res 29:356–364
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Likens, G.E. (2013). Summary Discussion and Conclusions. In: Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7810-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7810-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7809-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7810-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)