Abstract
This chapter presents an emerging research agenda focused on empowering learners to apply well-known instructional design principles, reserved mainly for application by instructional designers, to the design of diagrams to support their learning. Significant advances have been made in terms of developing design principles that can be applied to the design of diagrams to facilitate the efficient learning of diagrammatic information. However, little is known about how these design principles can be applied by learners themselves. In a technologically rich environment where learners can access a range of online diagrammatic information, we argue that it is imperative that learners’ are equipped with strategies on how to physically manipulate digital diagrams in ways that optimise their learning. This can be considered an example of human-centric visualisation. The chapter explains the theoretical basis for our research, presents two empirical studies and concludes with a discussion of our ideas to build on our current work as a future research agenda.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
P. Chandler. The crucial role of cognitive processes in the design of dynamic visualisations. In Learning and Instruction, volume 14, no. 3, pp. 353–357. 2004.
F. Paas, T. Van Gog, and J. Sweller. Cognitive load theory: New conceptualizations, specifications and integrated research perspectives. In Educational Psychology Review, volume 22, pp. 115–121. 2010.
J. Sweller, P. Ayres, and S. Kalyuga. Cognitive Load Theory. New York: Springer. 2011.
P. Chandler, and J. Sweller. The split-attention effect as a factor in the design of instruction. In British Journal of Educational Psychology, volume 62, pp. 233–246. 1992.
NMC Horizon Project Preview: 2012 K-12 Edition. The New Media Consortium. 2012.
P. Chandler, and J. Sweller. Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. In Cognition and Instruction, volume 8, pp. 293–332. 1991.
J. Sweller, J. J. G. Van Merrienboer and F. Paas. Cognitive architecture and instructional design. In Educational Psychology Review, volume 10, pp. 251–296. 1998.
F. Paas, J.Tuovinen, H.Tabbers, and P.Van Gerven. Cognitive load measurement as a means to advance cognitive load theory. In Educational Psychologist, volume 38 pp. 63–71. 2003
F. Paas, A. Renkl, and J. Sweller. Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments. In Educational Psychologist, volume 38 pp. 1–4. 2003
F. Paas, A. Renkl, and J. Sweller. Cognitive load theory: Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture. In Instructional Science, volume 32, pp. 1–8. 2004.
J. Sweller. Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. In Cognitive Science, volume 12 pp. 257–285. 1988.
J. Sweller. Instructional design in technical areas. Melbourne: ACER Press. 1999.
A.D. Baddeley. Working memory. In Science, volume 255, pp. 556–559. 1992
K.A. Ericsson, and W. Kintsch. Long-term working memory. In Psychological Review, volume 102, pp. 211–245. 1995.
G. Miller, G. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. In Psychological Review, volume 63 pp. 81–97. 1956.
L.R. Peterson, and M.J. Peterson. Short-term retention of individual verbal items. In Journal of Experimental Psychology, volume 58, pp. 193–8. 1959.
J.Sweller. Instructional design consequences of an analogy between evolution by natural selection and human cognitive architecture. In Instructional Science, volume 321 pp. 9–31. 2004.
A. De Groot. Thought and choice in chess: The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. (Original work published in 1964). 1965.
W.G. Chase, and H.A. Simon. Perception in chess. In Cognitive Psychology, volume 4, pp. 55–81. 1973.
H. Simon, and K. Gilmartin. A simulation of memory for chess positions. In Cognitive Psychology, volume 1, pp. 29–46. 1973.
K. A. Ericsson, and N. Charness. Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. In American Psychologist, volume 49, pp. 725–747. 1994.
D.E. Egan, and B.J. Schwartz. Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings. In Memory and Cognition, volume 7, pp. 149–158. 1979.
H. Chiesi, G. Spilich, and J.F. Voss. Acquisition of domain-related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge. In Journal of Verbal learning and Verbal Behaviour, volume 1, pp. 257–273. 1979.
M. Chi, R. Glaser, and E. Rees. Expertise in problem solving. In R. Stenberg (Ed.), Advances in psychology of human intelligence, pp. 7–75. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1982.
J. Larkin, J.R. McDermott, and D. Simon, & H. Simon. Models of competence in solving physics problems. In Cognitive Science, volume 4, pp. 317–348. 1980.
W. Schneider, and R.Shiffrin, R. Controlled and automatic human information processing: Detection, search and attention. In Psychological Review, volume 84, pp. 1–66. 1977.
R. Shiffrin, and W.Schneider. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. In Psychological Review, volume 84, pp. 127–190. 1977.
K. Kotovsky, J.R. Hayes, and H.A. Simon. Why are some problems hard? Evidence from Tower of Hanoi. In Cognitive Psychology, volume 17, pp. 248–294. 1985.
F. Paas, and J.J.G. Van Merriënboer. Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks. In Educational Psychology Review, volume 6, pp. 51–71. 1994.
J.J.G. Van Merriënboer. Training Complex Cognitive Skills: A Four-Component Instructional Design Model for Technical Training. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. 1997.
F. Paas, and J. Sweller. An evolutionary upgrade of cognitive load theory: Using the human motor system and collaboration to support the learning of complex cognitive tasks. In Educational Psychology Review, volume 24, pp. 27–45. 2012.
D.C. Geary. An evolutionarily informed education science. In Educational Psychologist, volume 43, pp. 179–195. 2008
S. W. Cook, Z. Mitchell, and S. Goldin-Meadow.Gesture makes learning last. In Cognition, volume 106, pp. 1047–1058. 2008.
J. Sweller, J. Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. In Educational Psychology Review, volume 22 123–138. 2010.
R. Clark, F. Ngyuen, and J. Sweller. Efficiency in Learning: Evidence Based Guidelines to manage Cognitive Load. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. 2006.
J. Sweller, P. Ayres, and S. Kalyuga. Cognitive Load Theory. New York: Springer. 2011.
F. Paas. Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skill in statistics: A cognitive-load approach. In Journal of Educational Psychology, volume 84, pp. 429–434. 1992.
F. Paas, and T. Van Gog. Optimising worked example instruction: Different ways to increase germane cognitive load. In Learning and Instruction, volume 16, pp. 87–91. 2006.
F. Paas, and J.J.G. Van Merriënboer. Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills: A cognitive-load approach. In Journal of Educational Psychology, volume 86, pp. 122–133. 1994.
P. Chandler, and J. Sweller, J. Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program. In Applied Cognitive Psychology, volume 10, pp. 151–170. 1996.
S. Tindall-Ford, P. Chandler, and J. Sweller, J. When two sensory modes are better than one. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, volume 3, pp. 257–287. 1997.
S. Kalyuga, P. Chandler, and J. Sweller, J. Managing split-attention and redundancy in multimedia instruction. Applied Cognitive Psychology, volume 13, pp. 351–371. 1999.
S. Kalyuga, P. Ayres, P. Chandler, and J. Sweller. The expertise reversal effect. In Educational Psychologist, volume 38, no. 1, pp. 23–31. 2003.
T. Van Gog, T., F. Paas, N. Marcus, P. Ayres, and J. Sweller. The mirror-neuron system and observational learning: Implications for the effectiveness of dynamic visualizations. In Educational Psychology Review, volume 21, pp. 21–30. 2009.
A. Wong, N. Marcus, L. Smith, G.A. Cooper, P. Ayres, F. Paas, et al. Instructional animations can be superior to statics when learning human motor skills. In Computers in Human Behavior, volume 25, pp. 339–347. 2009.
J. Sweller. Evolution of human cognitive architecture. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, volume 43, pp. 215–266. 2003.
G. Cooper, G. Research into Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design at UNSW. Retrieved from http://www.arts.unsw.edu.au/education/CLT_NET_Aug_97.HTML. 1998.
J. Sweller, P. Chandler, P. Tierney, and M. Cooper. Cognitive load and selective attention as factors in the structuring of technical material. In Journal of Experimental Psychology, volume 119, pp. 176–192. 1990.
P. Ginns. Integrating information: A meta-analysis of the spatial contiguity and temporal contiguity effects. In Learning and Instruction, volume 16, pp. 511–525. 2006.
K. Roodenrys, S. Agostinho, S. Roodenrys, and P. Chandler. Managing one’s own cognitive load when evidence of split attention is present. Applied Cognitive Psychology, volume 26, no. 6, pp. 878–886. 2012.
R. Mayer, and R. Moreno, Techniques that reduce extraneous cognitive load and manage intrinsic cognitive load during multimedia learning. In J. Plass, R. Moreno, and R. Brünken. (Eds.), Cognitive load theory, pp. 131–152. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2010.
K.A. Ericsson, and H.A. Simon. Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 1993.
A. Behler, and B. Lush. Are you ready for e-readers? In The Reference Librarian, volume 52, pp. 75–87. 2011.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Agostinho, S., Tindall-Ford, S., Bokosmaty, S. (2014). Adaptive Diagrams: A Research Agenda to Explore How Learners Can Manipulate Online Diagrams to Self-Manage Cognitive Load. In: Huang, W. (eds) Handbook of Human Centric Visualization. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7485-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7485-2_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7484-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7485-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)