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Problem Solving Courts pp 83–112Cite as

Domestic Violence Courts: The Case of Lady Justice Meets the Serpents of the Caduceus

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Abstract

The pervasiveness of domestic violence and its combined social unacceptability and imposing, recurring social and human consequences has motivated domestic violence legislation and eventually specialized courts. Domestic violence courts integrate three parallel tracks associated with the 30-year social trend of criminalizing domestic violence: prosecution, punishment, and deterrence of batterers; rehabilitation of batterers; and protection of victims. The goal of these courts is not to eschew punishment, but rather to ensure that punishment is efficiently and fully exacted on batterers in ways that hold them accountable for their crimes against intimates and to deter future acts of domestic violence. Although there are more than 200 domestic violence courts in the United States, there is no consistency among these courts in terms of structure and process, and their effectiveness on relevant outcomes such as recidivism and victim safety, remains uncertain. “Characteristics of Domestic Violence Courts Shaping Performance” defines domestic courts in terms of their characteristics that may enhance and hinder performance. In “Principles of Therapeutic Jurisprudence Applied to Domestic Violence”, domestic violence courts are assessed through the lens of therapeutic jurisprudence with emphasis on the schisms of extremes underpinning these courts and how they forestall Lady Justice’s reach toward and embrace of the Caduceus’ therapeutic potential. “A Holistic, Therapeutic–Restorative Approach to Domestic Violence Courts” develops an alternative strategy for judicial intervention; a strategy that employs a more holistic and balanced approach and addresses the needs of both the batterer and the victim, while holding the batterer accountable for his behavior. Finally, “Promise, Limitations, and Future Research” makes recommendations for improving the potential of domestic violence courts and for future empirical experimentation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Women are most often the victims of domestic violence, although men also report being battered by their female partners. In 2001, 15 % of domestic victimizations reported were against men (Rennison 2003).

  2. 2.

    Violence Women Act of 1994. Pub. L. No. 103-322,108 Stat. 1902.

  3. 3.

    For example, variability within drug court model is somewhat controlled by the availability of drug court-specific developmental guidelines. The National Association of Drug Court Professionals developed a manual identifying ten components of successful drug programs, which was then published and distributed by the Office of Justice Programs (Office of Justice Programs 1997).

  4. 4.

    For more details on the structure and operations of domestic violence courts, see Labriola et al. (2009), Casey and Rottman (2003), Karan et al. (1999), and Karan et al. (2000).

  5. 5.

    For example, the Judicial Institute in White Plains, New York provides a 2-day training for court personnel with additional training on special topics.

  6. 6.

    For a review of the literature on the effectiveness of batterer programs and their design, see Babcock et al. (2004); Day et al. (2009); Gondolf (2011); and Stover et al. (2009).

  7. 7.

    Measures often used in the development of batterer typologies include but are not limited to the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (Millon 1997); Conflict Tactic Scale (Straus 1979); Family Adaptability Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES III) (Olson et al. 1985); and the Adult Attachment Scale (Collins and Read 1990).

  8. 8.

    Coulter and VandeWeerd (2009) describe a comprehensive screening procedure for batterers that includes questions regarding the batterer’s demographics, family history of violence, childhood history, employment history drug and alcohol history, violence history, prior treatment history, as well as their perception of the domestic violence incident. Standard tools such as the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the LSI-R are commonly used instruments for the identification of criminogenic risks and needs.

  9. 9.

    This recommendation is modeled on the requirement that people convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) attend DUI School and those who want to lower their insurance premiums can attend a defensive driving course.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant #5P30MH079920).

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  1. Center for Behavioral Health Services & Criminal Justice Research, Rutgers University, 176 Ryders Lane, 08901, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Dr. Nancy Wolff Ph.D.

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  1. , Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Burnett Hall 338, Lincoln, 68588-9296, Nebraska, USA

    Richard L. Wiener

  2. , Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Burnett Hall 339, Lincoln, 68588-0308, Nebraska, USA

    Eve M. Brank

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Wolff, N. (2013). Domestic Violence Courts: The Case of Lady Justice Meets the Serpents of the Caduceus. In: Wiener, R., Brank, E. (eds) Problem Solving Courts. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7403-6_6

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