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The Evolution of SIV in Primates and the Emergence of the Pathogen of AIDS

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Primates, Pathogens, and Evolution

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

There are over 40 nonhuman primate species recognized to be infected with a species-specific simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), all of them located in sub-Saharan Africa. The HIV-1 pandemic is the result of a single cross-species transmission of SIV from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), while other transmission events from chimpanzees, western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), and sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) have led to non-pandemic HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Numerous factors are likely to have contributed to the spread of pandemic HIV-1, and several molecular epidemiological studies have allowed us to track the spread of HIV-1 from sub-Saharan Africa to the rest of the world. While HIV is well known to cause AIDS in the overwhelming majority of infected humans, the outcome of SIV infection in most species of naturally infected African primates is unknown. However, it is now well established that SIV infection of African green monkey species (Chlorocebus sabaeus and C. pygerythrus) and sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) generally does not result in AIDS or other disease. The natural history of the nonpathogenic SIV infection of these species has been contrasted with the pathogenic HIV infection of humans and experimental SIV infection of Asian macaques, the best available animal model of HIV infection. These studies have led to considerable insight into both the pathways that lead to AIDS in pathogenic infections and the mechanisms these African primate species may have evolved to avoid the development of disease through coevolution with SIV. Susceptibility of specific T-cell subsets to infection, levels of chronic immune activation, and maintenance or disruption of the gut immune system and secondary lymphatic tissue architecture all appear to be important aspects distinguishing nonpathogenic and pathogenic infection. The well-described nonpathogenic infection of the few African primate species available for study leads to the assumption that all natural SIV infection of African primates would be nonpathogenic. However, this assumption has been challenged by a study of wild chimpanzees, which found that SIV-infected chimpanzees may develop an AIDS-like disease. This finding places new emphasis on the importance of viral factors specific to the HIV-1/SIVcpz lineage and study of the host/virus relationship in the species infected with SIVs ancestral to HIV-1.

Edward JD Greenwood and Fabian Schmidt contributed equally to this work

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Joel Wertheim for creating the HIV/SIV alignments used to create Fig. 1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Edward J. D. Greenwood, Fabian Schmidt & Jonathan L. Heeney

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  1. Edward J. D. Greenwood
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  2. Fabian Schmidt
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, CHU Saint-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jessica F. Brinkworth

  2. Department of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New Y, New York, New York, USA

    Kate Pechenkina

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Greenwood, E.J.D., Schmidt, F., Heeney, J.L. (2013). The Evolution of SIV in Primates and the Emergence of the Pathogen of AIDS. In: Brinkworth, J., Pechenkina, K. (eds) Primates, Pathogens, and Evolution. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7181-3_10

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