Abstract
Atmospheric air contains numerous kinds of chemical species, natural and artificial, some of which are vital to our life while many others are more or less harmful. Gas sensors control the composition of the air and therefore these devices make it possible to control the quality of the surrounding atmosphere. This chapter describes possible areas of applications as well as approaches used for gas sensor classification, discusses requirements for gas sensors vs the field of application, and carries out a comparative analysis of gas sensors based on different principles of operation. A general consideration of materials acceptable for gas sensor design is included. The chapter includes 16 figures, 23 tables, and 177 references.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adamchuk VI, Hummel IW, Morgan MT, Upadhyaya SK (2004) On-the-go soil sensors for precision agriculture. Comput Electron Agric 44(1):71–91
Adhikari B, Majumdar S (2004) Polymers in sensor applications. Prog Polym Sci 29:699–766
Afzal A, Dickert FL (2011) Surface acoustic wave sensors for chemical applications. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 3, Solid state devices. Momentum Press, New York, pp 447–484
Afzal A, Cioffi N, Sabbatini L, Torsi L (2012) NOx sensors based on semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures: progress and perspectives. Sens Actuators B 171–172:25–42
Ando M (2006) Recent advances in optochemical sensors for the detection of H2, O2, O3, CO, CO2 and H2O in air. Trends Anal Chem 25(10):937–948
Aroutiounian V (2007) Metal oxide hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide sensors for hydrogen setups and cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32(9):1145–1158
Arshak K, Moore E, Lyons GM, Harris J, Clifford S (2004) A review of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications. Sensor Rev 24(2):181–198
Arya SK, Krishnan S, Silva H, Jeana S, Bhansali S (2012) Advances in materials for room temperature hydrogen Âsensors. Analyst 137:2743–2756
Ast C, Schmälzlin E, Löhmannsröben H-G, van Dongen JT (2012) Optical oxygen micro- and nanosensors for plant applications. Sensors 12:7015–7032
Azevedo AM, Prazeres DMF, Cabral JMS, Fonseca LP (2005) Ethanol biosensors based on alcohol oxidase. Biosens Bioelectron 21(2):235–247
Baldini F, Chester AN, Homola J, Martellucci S (eds) (2006) Optical chemical sensors. Springer, Dordrecht
Barsan N, Weimar U (2001) Conduction model of metal oxide gas sensors. J Electroceram 7:143–167
Basu S, Basu PK (2009) Nanocrystalline metal oxides for methane sensors: role of noble metals. J Sensors 2009, 861968
Battison FM, Ramseyer J-P, Lang HP, Baller MK, Gerber C, Gimzewski JK, Meyer E, Guntherodt H-J (2001) A chemical sensor based on a microfabricated cantilever array with simultaneous resonance-frequency and bending readout. Sens Actuators B 77:122–131
Boon-Brett L, Bousek J, Moretto P (2009) Reliability of commercial available hydrogen sensors for detection of Âhydrogen at critical concentrations: part II – selected sensor test results. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:562–571
Brett CMA (2001) Electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring. Strategy and examples. Pure Appl Chem 73(12):1969–1977
Brett CMA, Brett AMO (1998) Electroanalysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Brinzari V, Korotchenkov G, Dmitriev S (2000) Theoretical study of semiconductor thin film gas sensitivity: attempt to consistent approach. J Electron Technol 33:225–235
Britton CL Jr, Jones RL, Oden PI, Hu Z, Warmack RJ, Smith SF, Bryan WL, Rochelle JM (2000) Multiple-input microcantilever sensors. Ultramicroscopy 82:17–21
Brown VR (2006) Sensor selection for hand-held portable gas detection. In: Mars-Proietti L (ed) The grey house safety and security directory. Grey House Publishing, Millerton, NY, pp 291–293, http://www.enmet.com
Cao W, Duan Y (2006) Breath analysis: potential for clinical diagnosis and exposure assessment. Clin Chem 52(5):800–811
Capone S, Forleo A, Francioso L, Rella R, Siciliano P, Spadavecchia J, Presicce DS, Taurino AM (2003) Solid state gas sensors: state of the art and future activities. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 5(5):1335–1348
CFR (1994) Code of Federal Regulations: the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Chan K, Ito H, Inaba H (1984) An optical fiber-based gas sensor for remote absorption measurements of low-level methane gas in the near-infrared region. J Lightwave Technol LT-2:234–237
Chan PCH, Yan G, Sheng L, Sharma RK, Tang Z, Sin JKO, Hising L-M, Wang Y (2002) An integrated gas sensor Âtechnology using surface micromachining. Sens Actuators B 82:277–283
Chatzandroulis S, Tserepi A, Goustouridis D, Normand P, Tsoukalas D (2002) Fabrication of single crystal Si cantilevers using a dry release process and application in a capacitive-type humidity sensor. Microelectron Eng 61–62: 955–961
Chatzandroulis S, Tsouti V, Raptis I, Goustouridis D (2011) Capacitance-type chemical sensors. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 4, Solid state sensors. Momentum Press, New York, pp 229–260
Chen Z, Lu C (2005) Humidity sensors: a review of materials and mechanisms. Sensor Lett 3:274–295
Choi MMF, Hawkin P (2003) Development of an optical hydrogen sulphide sensor. Sens Actuators B 90:211–215
Chou J (2000) Hazardous gas monitors: a practical guide to selection, operation and application. McGraw-Hill, New York
Cleaver KD (2001) The analysis of process gases: a review. Accred Qual Assur 6(1):8–15
Clifford PK (1983) Microcomputational selectivity enhancement of semiconductor gas sensors. In: Proceeding of Âinternational meeting on chemical sensors, Fukuoka, 19–22 Sept 1983, pp 153–158
Cutmore TRH, James DA (2007) Sensors and sensor systems for psychophysiological monitoring: a review of current trends. J Psychophysiol 21(1):51–71
Docquier N, Candel S (2002) Combustion control and sensor: a review. Prog Energy Combust Sci 28:107–150
DOE (2002) Glass industry: technology road map. DOE Report, Apr 2002
Doll T, Lechner J, Eisele I, Schierbaum KD, Gopel W (1996) Ozone detection in the ppb range with work function Âsensors operating at room temperature. Sens Actuators B 34:506–510
Drake C, Deshpande S, Bera D, Seal S (2007) Metallic nanostructured materials based sensors. Intern Mater Rev 52(5):289–317
Eisele I, Doll T, Burgmair M (2001) Low power gas detection with FET sensors. Sens Actuators B 78:19–25
Ekedahl L-G, Eriksson M, Lundström I (1998) Hydrogen sensing mechanisms of metal-insulator interfaces. Acc Chem Res 31:249–256
Eranna G, Joshi BC, Runthala DP, Gupta RP (2004) Oxide materials for development of integrated gas sensors: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 29:111–188
Fanget S, Hentz S, Puget P, Arcamone J, Matheron M, Colinet E, Andreucci P, Duraffourg L, Ed M, Roukes ML (2011) Gas sensors based on gravimetric detection—a review. Sens Actuators B 160:804–821
Fergus JW (2007) Materials for high temperature electrochemical NOx gas sensors. Sens Actuators B 121:652–663
Fergus JW (2008) A review of electrolyte and electrode materials for high temperature electrochemical CO2 and SO2 gas sensors. Sens Actuators B 134:1034–1041
Fine GF, Cavanagh LM, Afonja A, Binions R (2010) Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors in environmental monitoring. Sensors 10:5469–5502
Fitzgerald FT, Tierney LM Jr (1982) The bedside Sherlock Holmes. West J Med 137:169–175
Fleet B, Gunasingham H (1992) Electrochemical sensors for monitoring environmental pollutants. Talanta 39:1449–1457
Flueckiger J, Ko FK, Cheung KC (2009) Microfabricated formaldehyde gas sensors. Sensors 9:9196–9215
Fontes J (2005) Humidity sensors. In: Wilson JS (ed) Sensor technology handbook. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 271–284
Freund MS, Lewis NS (1995) A chemically diverse conducting polymer-based electronic nose. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:2652–2656
Gardner JW (1991) Detection of vapours and odours from a multisensor array using pattern recognition: principal component and cluster analysis. Sens Actuators 4:109–115
Gardner JW, Bartlett PN (1999) Electronic noses. Principles and applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Gauglitz G (2005) Direct optical sensors: principles and selected applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 381:141–155
Geistlinger H (1993) Electron theory of thin film gas sensors. Sens Actuators B 17:47–60
Geistlinger H (1994) Accumulation layer model for Ga2O3 thin-film gas sensors based on the Volkenstein theory of catalysis. Sens Actuators B 18–19:125–131
Goeders KM, Colton JS, Bottomley LA (2008) Microcantilevers: sensing chemical interactions via mechanical motion. Chem Rev 108:522–542
Gopel W (1996) Ultimate limits in the miniaturization of chemical sensors. Sens Actuators A 56:83–102
Gopel W, Schierbaum KD (1995) SnO2 sensors: current status and future prospects. Sens Actuators B 26–27:1–12
Greenblatt M, Shuk P (1996) Solid-state humidity sensors. Solid State Ionics 86–88:995–1000
Haug M, Schierbaum KD, Gauglitz G, Göpel W (1993) Chemical sensors based upon polysiloxanes: comparison between optical, quartz microbalance, calorimetric, and capacitance sensors. Sens Actuators B 11:383–391
Haugen JE, Kvaal K (1998) Electronic nose and artificial neural network. Meat Sci 49:S273–S286
Health Canada 2006 (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/air/in/res-in/index-eng.php)
Ho CK, Itamura MT, Kelley M, Hughes RC (2001) Review of chemical sensors for in-situ monitoring of volatile Âcontaminants. Sandia Report SAND2001-0643, Unlimited release, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM. http://www.sandia.gov/sensor
Ho CK, Robinson A, Miller DR, Davis MJ (2005) Overview of sensors and needs for environmental monitoring. Sensors 5:4–37
Holzinger M, Maier J, Sitte W (1997) Potentiometric detection of complex gases: application to CO2. Solid State Ionics 94:217–225
Honeywell Analytics (2012) Gas handbook. http://www.honeywellanalytics.com/Technical%20Library/EMEAI/1%20Types%20of%20Documents/Gas%20Book/Gas%20Book%20English.pdf
Hubert T, Boon-Brett L, Black G, Banach U (2011) Hydrogen sensors – a review. Sens Actuators B 157:329–352
Hulanicki A, Geab S, Ingman F (1991) Chemical sensors definitions and classification. Pure Appl Chem 63(9):1247–1250
Igarashi I (1986) New technology of sensors for automotive applications. Sens Actuators 10:181–193
Ishihara T, Matsubara S (1998) Capacitive type gas sensors. J Electrocer 2:215–228
Justino CIL, Rocha-Santos TA, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TA (2010) Review of analytical figures of merit of sensors and biosensors in clinical applications. Trends Anal Chem 29(10):1172–1183
Keefe MK, Benkstein KD, Hup JT (2000) Luminescent sensor molecules based on coordinated metals: a review of recent developments. Coord Chem Rev 205(1):201–228
Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ (2000) Clinical aspects of exhaled nitric oxide. Eur Respir J 16:781–792
King WH Jr (1964) Piezoelectric sorption detector. Anal Chem 36:1735–1739
Kohl D, Kelleter J, Petig H (2001) Detection of fires by gas sensors. In: Baltes H, Gopel W, Hesse J (eds) Sensors update, vol 9(1). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 161–223
Korotcenkov G (2007a) Metal oxides for solid state gas sensors. What determines our choice? Mater Sci Eng B 139:1–23
Korotcenkov G (2007b) Practical aspects in design of one-electrode semiconductor gas sensors: status report. Sens Actuators B 121:664–678
Korotcenkov G (ed) (2010) Chemical sensors: fundamentals of sensor materials, vols 1–3. Momentum Press, New York
Korotcenkov G (ed) (2011) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 6, Sensors application. Momentum Press, New York
Korotcenkov G, Cho BK (2010) Porous semiconductors: advanced material for gas sensor applications. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 35(1):1–37
Korotcenkov G, Cho BK (2011) Chemical sensor selection and application guide. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 6, Sensors application. Momentum Press, New York, pp 281–348
Korotcenkov G, Cho BK (2012) Ozone measuring: what can limit the application of SnO2-based gas sensors? Sens Actuators B 161:28–44
Korotcenkov G, Han S-D, Stetter JR (2009) Review of electrochemical hydrogen sensors. Chem Rev 109(3): 1402–1433
Korotcenkov G, Cho BK, Narayanaswamy R, Sevilla F III (2011) Optical and fiber optic chemical sensors. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 5, Electrochemical and optical sensors. Momentum Press, New York, pp 311–476
Korotcenkov G, Stetter JR (2011) Chemical gas mixture analysis and the electronic nose: current status, future trends. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 6, Chemical sensors applications. Momentum, New York, pp 1–56
Kowaiski BR, Bender CF (1972) Pattern recognition: a powerful approach to interpreting chemical data. J Am Chem Soc 94:5632–5639
Krol S, Zabiegata B, Namiesnik J (2010) Monitoring VOCs in atmospheric air. I. On-line gas analyzers. Trends Anal Chem 29(9):1092–1100
Kummer AM, Hierlemann A, Baltes H (2004) Tuning sensitivity and selectivity of complementary metal oxide Âsemiconductor-based capacitive chemical microsensors. Anal Chem 76:2470–2477
Lakowicz JR (1999) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 2nd edn. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York
Lambeck PV (1992) Integrated opto-chemical sensors. Sens Actuators B 8:103–116
Lee J-H (2003) Review on zirconia air-fuel ratio sensors for automotive applications. J Mater Sci 38:4247–4257
Lee J-H, Tsai C-L, Fann C-S, Wang S-H (2002) Design of an acousto-magnetic oxygen sensor. J Med Biol Eng 22(4):193–198
Leiner MJP (1991) Luminescence chemical sensors for biomedical applications: scope and limitations. Anal Chim Acta 255:209–222
Lim SH, Jaworski J, Satyanarayana S, Wang F, Raorane D, Lee S-W, Majumdar A (2007) Nanomechanical chemical sensor platform. In: Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE international conference on nano/micro engineered and molecular systems, Bangkok, 16–19 Jan, pp 886–889
Lippitsch ME, Pusterhofer J, Leiner MJP, Wolfbeis OS (1988) Fiber-optic oxygen sensor with the fluorescence decay time as the information carrier. Anal Chim Acta 205:1–6
Lu G, Miura N, Yamazoe N (1996) High-temperature hydrogen sensor based on stabilized zirconia and a metal oxide electrode. Sens Actuators B 35–36:130–135
Lundström I (1991) Field effect chemical sensors. In: Gopel W, Hesse J, Zemel JN (eds) Sensors: a comprehensive survey, vol 1. VCH, Weinheim, pp 467–529
Lundstrom I, Sundgren H, Winquist F, Eriksson M, Krantz-Rulcker C, Lloyd-Spetz A (2007) Twenty-five years of field effect gas sensor research in Linkoping. Sens Actuators B 121:247–262
Marczin N, Kharitonov SA, Yacoub MH, Barnes PJ (eds) (2005) Disease markers in exhaled breath. Taylor and Francis, Oxford
Maricq MM (2007) Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: a review. J Aerosol Sci 38(11):1079–1118
Maskell WC (1987) Inorganic solid state chemically sensitive devices: electrochemical oxygen gas sensors. J Phys E: Sci Instrum 20:1156–1168
Massie C, Stewart G, McGregor G, Gilchrist JR (2006) Design of a portable optical sensor for methane gas detection. Sens Actuators B 113:830–836
Mayer KM, Hafner JH (2011) Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. Chem Rev 111:3828–3857
Mello LD, Kubota LT (2002) Review of the use of biosensors as analytical tools in the food and drink industries. Food Chem 77(2):237–256
Ménil F, Coillard V, Lucat C (2000) Critical review of nitrogen monoxide sensors for exhaust gases of lean burn engines. Sens Actuators B 67:1–23
Merilainen PT (1990) A differential paramagnetic sensor for breath-by-breath oximetry. J Clin Monit 6(1):65–73
Messer H, Zinevich A, Alpert P (2006) Environmental monitoring by wireless communication networks. Science 312:713
Miller JB (2001) Catalytic sensors for monitoring explosive atmospheres. IEEE Sensors J 1(1):88–93
Miura N, Ono M, Shimanzoe K, Yamazoe N (1998a) A compact solid-state amperometric sensor for detection of NO2 in ppb range. Sens Actuators B 49:101–109
Miura N, Raisen T, Lu G, Yamazoe N (1998b) Highly selective CO sensor using stabilized zirconia and a couple of oxide electrodes. Sens Actuators B 47:84–91
Monkman G (2000) Monomolecular Langmuir-Blodgett films—tomorrow’s sensors? Sensor Rev 20:127–131
Morrison SR (1987) Mechanism of semiconductor gas sensor operation. Sens Actuators 11:283–287
Moseley PT, Norris JOW, Williams DE (eds) (1991) Techniques and mechanisms in gas sensing. Adam Hilger, Bristol
Moskalenko KL, Nadezhdinskii AI, Adamovskaya IA (1996) Human breath trace gas content study by tuneable diode laser spectroscopy. Infrared Phys Technol 37:181–192
Muñoz R, Sivret EC, Parcsi G, Lebrero R, Wang X, Suffet IH, Stuetz RM (2010) Monitoring techniques for odour abatement assessment. Water Res 44(18):5129–5149
Nakahara T (2004) Development of gas sensors and cultivation of new markets for air quality. In: Proceedings of the 38th chemical sensor symposium, Tokyo, 24–26 Mar, pp 73–75
Narayanaswamy R, Wolfbeis OS (eds) (2004) Optical sensors—industrial, environmental and diagnostic applications, vol 1, Chemical sensors and biosensors. Springer, Berlin
Neethirajan S, Jayas DS, Sadistap S (2009) Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors for the agri-food industry—a review. Food Bioprocess Technol 2:115–121
NFPA (2003) Operation of fire protection systems. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA
Pandey SK, Kim K-H, Tang K-T (2012) A review of sensor-based methods for monitoring hydrogen sulfide. Trends Anal Chem 32:87–99
Parrish DD, Fehsenfel FC (2000) Methods for gas-phase measurements of ozone, ozone precursors and aerosol Âprecursors. Atmos Environ 34(12–14):1921–1957
Patel PD (2002) Biosensors for measurement of analytes implicated in food safety: a review. Trends Anal Chem 21(2):96–115
Pedersen LD (1991) Assessment of sensors used in the food industry. Food Control 2(2):87–98
Pejcic D, Eadington P, Ross A (2007) Environmental monitoring of hydrocarbons: a chemical sensor perspective. Environ Sci Technol 41(18):6333–6342
Peng G, Trock E, Haick H (2008) Detecting simulated patterns of lung cancer biomarkers by random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes coated with nonpolymeric organic materials. Nano Lett 8:3631–3636
Pletcher D, Evans J, Warburton PR, Gibbs TK (1991) Acidic gas sensors and method of using the same. US Patent 5,071,526
Potje-Kamloth K (2008) Semiconductor junction gas sensors. Chem Rev 108:367–399
Potyrailo RA, Mirsky VM (2008) Combinatorial and high-throughput development of sensing materials: the first 10 years. Chem Rev B 108:770–813
Potyrailo RA, Surman C, Nagraj N, Burns A (2011) Materials and transducers toward selective wireless gas sensing. Chem Rev 111:7315–7354
Ramamoorthy R, Dutta PK, Akbar SA (2003) Oxygen sensors: materials, methods, designs and applications. J Mater Sci 38:4271–4282
Riegel J, Neumann H, Wiedenmann N-M (2002) Exhaust gas sensors for automotive emission control. Solid State Ionics 152–153:783–800
Rittersma ZM (2002) Recent achievements in miniaturised humidity sensors—a review of transduction techniques. Sens Actuators A 96:196–210
Rock F, Barsan N, Weimar U (2008) Electronic nose: current status and future trends. Chem Rev 108:705–725
Sadaoka Y (1992) Organic semiconductor gas sensors. In: Sberveglieri G (ed) Gas sensors. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 187–218
Sauerbrey G (1959) Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wagung dunner Schichten und zur Mikrowagung. Z Physik 155:206–212
Sazhin SG, Soborover EI, Tokarev SV (2003) Sensor methods of ammonia inspection. Russ J Nondestruct Test 39(10):791–806
Schreiter M, Gabl R, Lerchner J, Hohlfeld C, Delan A, Wolf G, Bluher A, Katzschner B, Mertig M, Pompe W (2006) Functionalized pyroelectric sensors for gas detection. Sens Actuators B 119:255–261
Semancik S (2001) Microhotplate platform for chemical sensors research. Sens Actuators B 77:579–591
Shemshad J, Aminossadati SM, Kizil MS (2012) A review of developments in near infrared methane detection based on tunable diode laser. Sens Actuators B 171–172:77–92
Shin W, Tajima K, Choi Y, Nishibori M, Izu N, Matsubara I, Murayama N (2006) Micro-thermoelectric devices with ceramic combustors. Sens Actuators A 130–131:411–418
Shin W, Nishibori M, Matsubara I (2011) Gas sensors using pyroelectric and thermoelectric effects. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 4, Solid-state devices. Momentum Press, New York, pp 261–319
Silva SF, Coelho L, Frazão O, Santos JL, Malcata FX (2012) A review of palladium-based fiber-optic sensors for molecular hydrogen detection. IEEE Sensors J 12(1):93–102
Singh S (2007) Sensors—an effective approach for the detection of explosives. J Hazard Mater 144:15–28
Smith D, Spanel P, Davies S (1999) Trace gases in breath of healthy volunteers when fasting and after a protein-calorie meal: a preliminary study. J Appl Physiol 87:1584–1588
Stetter JR, Penrose WR, Yao S (2003) Sensors, chemical sensors, electrochemical sensors, and ECS. J Electrochem Soc 150(2):S11–S16
Stetter JR, Korotcenkov G, Zeng X, Tang Y, Liu Y (2011) Electrochemical gas sensors: fundamentals, fabrication and parameters. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 3, Electrochemical and optical sensors. Momentum Press, New York, pp 1–123
Suzuki S, Noda Y, Sawaki N (1999) Market overview: oxygen sensors. In: Baltes H, Gopel W, Hesse J (eds) Sensors update, vol 6(1). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 381–396
Symons EA (1992) Catalytic gas sensors. In: Sberveglieri G (ed) Gas sensors. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 169–185
Talazac L, Brunet J, Battut V, Blanc JP, Pauly A, Germain JP, Pellier S, Soulier C (2001) Air quality evaluation by monolithic InP-based resistive sensors. Sens Actuators B 76:258–264
Taylor RF (1996) Chemical and biological sensors: markets and commercialization. In: Taylor RF, Schultz JS (eds) Handbook of chemical sensors and biosensors. IOP Publishing, Bristol
Taylor RF, Schultz JS (eds) (1996) Handbook of chemical sensors and biosensors. IOP Publishing, Bristol
Timmer B, Olthuis W, van den Berg A (2005) Ammonia sensors and their applications—a review. Sens Actuators B 107:666–677
Traversa E (1995) Ceramic sensors for humidity detection: the state-of-the-art and future developments. Sens Actuators B 23:135–156
Trinchi A, Woldarski W, Li YX (2004) Hydrogen sensitive Ga2O3 Schottky diode sensor based on SiC. Sens Actuators B 100:94–98
Valeur B, Brochon JC (eds) (2001) New trends in fluorescence spectroscopy: applications to chemical and life sciences. Springer, Berlin
Vashist SK, Korotcenkov G (2011) Microcantilever-based chemical sensors. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 3, Solid state devices. Momentum Press, New York, pp 321–376
Voinova M, Jonson M (2011) The quartz crystal microbalance. In: Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors: comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 3, Solid state devices. Momentum Press, New York, pp 377–483
Warburton PR, Pagano MP, Hoover R, Logman M, Crytzer K, Warburton YJ (1998) Amperometric gas sensor response times. Anal Chem 70(5):998–1006
Ward JPT (2008) Oxygen sensors in context. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1777(1):1–14
Werle P, Slemr F, Maurer K, Kormann R, Mucke R, Janker B (2002) Near-and mid-infrared laser-optical sensors for gas analysis. Opt Lasers Eng 37:101–1114
White LT (2000) Hazardous gas monitoring: a guide for semiconductor and other hazardous occupancies. Noyes/William Andrew, Norwich, NY
White RM, Voltmer FW (1965) Direct piezoelectric coupling to surface elastic waves. Appl Phys Lett 7:314–315
Wilson AD, Baietto M (2009) Applications and advances in electronic-nose technologies. Sensors 9:5099–5148
Wilson AD, Baietto M (2011) Advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications. Sensors 11:1105–1176
Wilson DM, Hoyt S, Janata J, Booksh K, Obando L (2001) Chemical sensors for portable, handheld field instruments. IEEE Sensors J 1:256–274
Wohltjen H, Barger WR, Snow AW, Jarvis NL (1985) A vapor-sensitive chemiresistor fabricated with planar microelectrodes and a Langmuir-Blodgett organic semiconductor film. IEEE Trans Electron Dev ED-32:1170–1174
Wolfbeis OS (1991) Fiber optic chemical sensors and biosensors, vol 1. CRC, Boca Raton, FL
Wolfbeis OS (1992) Fiber optic chemical sensors and biosensors, vol 2. CRC, Boca Raton, FL
Wolfbeis OS (2005) Materials for fluorescence-based optical chemical sensors. J Mater Chem 15:2657–2669
Wollenstein J, Plaza JA, Canè C, Min Y, Bottner H, Tuller HL (2003) A novel single chip thin film metal oxide array. Sens Actuators B 93:350–355
Yakovlev YP, Baranov AN, Imenkov AN, Mikhailova MP (1991) Optoelectronic LED-photodiode pairs for moisture and gas sensors in spectral range 1.8–4.8 μm. In: Wolfbeis S (ed) Chemical and medical sensors. Proc SPIE 1510:170–177
Yamazoe N (2005) Toward innovations of gas sensor technology. Sens Actuators B 108:2–14
Yamazoe N, Miura N (1994) Environmental gas sensing. Sens Actuators B 20:95–102
Yamazoe N, Miura N (1996) Prospect and problems of solid electrolyte-based oxygenic gas sensors. Solid State Ionics 86–88:987–993
Yamazoe N, Suematsu K, Shimanoe K (2012) Extension of receptor function theory to include two types of adsorbed oxygen for oxide semiconductor gas sensors. Sens Actuators B 163:128–135
Yeo TL, Sun T, Grattan KTV (2008) Fibre-optic sensor technologies for humidity and moisture measurement. Sens Actuators A 144:280–295
Zemel J (1988) Theoretical description of gas film interaction on SnO x . Thin Solid Films 163:89–195
Zhang H, Pang W, Kim ES, Yu H (2010) Micromachined silicon and polymer probes integrated with film-bulkacoustic-resonator mass sensors. J Micromech Microeng 20:125008
Zosel J, Oelßner W, Decker M, Gerlach G, Guth U (2011) The measurement of dissolved and gaseous carbon dioxide concentration. Meas Sci Technol 22:072001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Korotcenkov, G. (2013). Introduction. In: Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials. Integrated Analytical Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7165-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7165-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7164-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7165-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)