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The Assessment of Neuropsychological Outcomes in Pediatric Severe Malaria

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Neuropsychology of Children in Africa

Part of the book series: Specialty Topics in Pediatric Neuropsychology ((STPN))

Abstract

Cerebral malaria is one of the most common childhood encephalopathies, with severe malaria accounting for a significant number of hospital admissions in endemic malarial areas. This overview is guided by the assumption that the neuropsychological effects of severe malaria should be considered as part of a syndrome. This is because the proposed neuropathological mechanisms and neuropsychological outcomes implicate a variety of pathways for risk and resilience. Our systematic review of these brain/behavior effects is embedded within a consideration of the effects of a complex web of poverty, contributing more distal neuropsychological risk (malnutrition) and protective (education) factors to the proximal effects of the disease itself. A structural equation model is used across four country settings to consider both disease-related and environmental/family influences on the neuropsychology of children exposed to malaria. Taken together this review illustrates how a co-constructivist framework provides a cohesive and systematic manner from which to describe the neuropsychology of one of the most significant public-health threats to African children.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Professor K. Connolly for his comments on earlier draft of this chapter. The authors’ efforts were supported by the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), the Wellcome Trust (Fellowship 064702), and the support of NIH grants R21MH72597 (Holding). This work was also supported by R21TW006794 and R01HD064416 (Boivin). The authors are grateful for the editorial assistance of Anne B. Giordani PhD, ELS. We also recognize the contribution of Dr. Joel Bremen for drawing the world’s attention to the burden of malaria on human development.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Africa Mental Health Foundation, 34307, Mombasa, 80118, Kenya

    Penny Holding Ph.D.

  2. Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology/Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, 965 Fee Road, Room A227, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Michael J. Boivin Ph.D.

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Section, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA

    Michael J. Boivin Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Penny Holding Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Penny Holding Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Psychiatry and Neurology/Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, West Fee Hall 324, East Lansing, 48824-1315, Michigan, USA

    Michael J. Boivin

  2. , Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Commonwealth Blvd, Suite C 2101, Ann Arbor, 48105, Michigan, USA

    Bruno Giordani

Appendix

Appendix

Table 12.2 Performance differences as effect size—Ghana (Dugbartey 1995)
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Table 12.3 Performance differences as effect size—Gambia (Muntendam et al. 1996)
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Table 12.4 Performance differences as effect size—Kenya (Holding et al. 1999)
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Table 12.5 Performance differences as effect size—Senegal (Boivin 2002)
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Table 12.6 Performance differences as effect size—Kenya (Carter et al. 2005b)
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Table 12.7 Performance differences as effect size—Uganda (Boivin et al. 2007)
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Table 12.8 Performance differences as effect size—Malawi (Boivin et al. 2011)
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Table 12.9 Performance differences from estimated mean differences—Uganda (Bangirana et al. 2011)
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Holding, P., Boivin, M.J. (2013). The Assessment of Neuropsychological Outcomes in Pediatric Severe Malaria. In: Boivin, M., Giordani, B. (eds) Neuropsychology of Children in Africa. Specialty Topics in Pediatric Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6834-9_12

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