Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature and prevailing etiological models of anxiety disorders. Diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and risk factors of individual anxiety disorders are highlighted.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abelson, J. L., Khan, S., Lyubkin, M., & Giardino, N. (2008). Respiratory irregularity and stress hormones in panic disorder: Exploring potential linkages. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 885–887.
Allen, J. L., Lavalee, K. L., Herren, C., Ruhe, K., & Schneider, S. (2010). DSM-IV criteria for childhood separation anxiety disorder: Informant, age, and sex differences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 946–952.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Borkovec, T. D., Beesdo, K., Craske, M. G., Heimberg, R. G., et al. (2010). Generalized worry disorder: A review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 134–147.
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2002). Agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder may be part of the panic disorder syndrome. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 190, 624–630.
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Baldwin, D. S., Ajdacic-Gross, V., & Rossler, W. (2009). The generalized anxiety spectrum: Prevalence, onset, course and outcome. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 259, 37–45.
Asendorpf, J. S. (1990). Development of inhibition during childhood: Evidence for situational specificity and a two-factor model. Developmental Psychology, 26, 721–730.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3–11.
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 187–203.
Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1–25). New York, NY: Guilford.
Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (1998). Shy children, phobic adults: The nature and treatment of social phobia. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2005). Childhood anxiety disorders: A guide to research and treatment. New York, NY: Routledge.
Bogels, S. M., Alden, L., Beidel, D. C., Clark, L. A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., et al. (2010). Social anxiety disorder: Questions and answers for the DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 168–189.
Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561–576.
Bouton, M., Mineka, S., & Barlow, D. (2001). A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychological Review, 108, 4–32.
Breton, J., Bergeron, L., Valla, J., Berthiaume, C., Gaudet, N., Lambert, J., et al. (1999). Quebec Child Mental Health Survey: Prevalence of DSM-III–R mental health disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 375–384.
Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., & Galea, S. (2009). Reformulating PTSD for DSM-5: Life after criterion A. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 366–373.
Briere, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 401–412.
Brown, T. A. (1997). The nature of generalized anxiety disorder and pathological worry: Current evidence and conceptual models. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 817–825.
Bruch, M. A., Heimberg, R. G., Berger, P., & Collins, T. M. (1989). Social phobia and perceptions of early parental and personal characteristics. Anxiety Research, 2, 57–65.
Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Guthrie, R. M., & Moulds, M. L. (2003). Acute psychophysiological arousal and posttraumatic stress disorder: A two-year prospective study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 439–443.
Burnstein, M., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2010). The effect of parental modeling of anxious behaviors and cognitions in school-aged children: An experimental pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 506–515.
Bystritsky, A., Kerwin, L., Niv, N., Natoli, J. L., Abrahami, N., Klap, R., et al. (2010). Clinical and subthreshold panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 381–389.
Canino, G., Shrout, P. E., Rubio-Stipec, M., Bird, H. R., Bravo, M., Ramirez, R., et al. (2004). The DSM-IV rates of child and adolescent disorders in Puerto Rico: Prevalence, correlates, service use, and the effects of impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 85–93.
Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461–470.
Clark, D. M., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. (1989). Cognitive mediation in general psychiatric outpatients: A test of the content-specific hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 958–964.
Coelho, C. M., & Purkis, H. (2009). The origins of specific phobias: Influential theories and current perspectives. Review of General Psychology, 13, 335–348.
Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., Fairbank, J. A., & Angold, A. (2002). The prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 99–112.
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Epstein, A., Wittchen, H., Pine, D. S., Lewis-Fernandez, R., et al.; DSM V Anxiety, OC Spectrum, Posttraumatic and Dissociative Disorder Work Group (2010). Panic disorder: A review of DSM-IV panic disorder and proposals for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 93–112
Craske, M. G., & Tsao, J. C. I. (2005). Assessment and treatment of nocturnal panic attacks. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9, 173–184.
Davey, G. C. L. (2002). ‘Nonspecific’ rather than ‘nonassociative’ pathways to phobias: A commentary on Poulton and Menzies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 151–158.
Davis, T. E., III. (2009). PTSD, anxiety, and phobias. In J. Matson, F. Andrasik, & M. Matson (Eds.), Treating childhood psychopathology and developmental disorders (pp. 183–220). New York: Springer.
Davis, T. E., III, Ollendick, T. H., & Öst, L. G. (2009). Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 294–303.
Deacon, B., Lickel, J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2008). Medical utilization across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 344–350.
De Rosnay, M., Cooper, P. J., Tsigaras, N., & Murray, L. (2006). Transmission of social anxiety from mother to infant: An experimental study using a social referencing paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1165–1175.
Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41, 587–598.
Eley, T. C., & Stevenson, J. (1999). Using genetic analyses to clarify the distinction between depressive and anxious symptoms in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 105–114.
Elsesser, K., Sartory, G., & Tackenberg, A. (2005). Initial symptoms and reactions to trauma-related stimuli and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 21, 61–70.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1365–1374.
Field, A. P., Argyris, N. G., & Knowles, K. A. (2001). Who’s afraid of the big bad wolf: A prospective paradigm to test Rachman’s indirect pathways in children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1259–1276.
Field, A. P., & Lawson, J. (2003). Fear information and the development of fears during childhood: Effects on implicit fear responses and behavioural avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1277–1293.
Foley, D. L., Rowe, R., Maes, H., Silberg, J., Eaves, L., & Pickles, A. (2008). The relationship between separation anxiety and impairment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 635–641.
Ford, T., Goodman, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003). The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1203–1211.
Goodwin, R. D., & Hoven, C. W. (2002). Bipolar-panic comorbidity in the general population: Prevalence and associated morbidity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 70, 27–33.
Grabe, H. J., Ruhrmann, S., Ettelt, S., Buhtz, F., Hochrein, A., Schulze-Rauschenbach, S., et al. (2006). Familiality of obsessive-compulsive disorder in non-clinical and clinical subjects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1986–1992.
Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1999). Predictors of acute stress following motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 519–525.
Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). A population-based twin study of generalized anxiety disorder in men and women. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 413–420.
Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vemon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577–592.
Keenan, K., Feng, X., Hipwell, A., & Klostermann, S. (2009). Depression begets depression: Comparing the predictive utility of depression and anxiety symptoms to later depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1167–1175.
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992a). Generalized anxiety disorder in women: A population-based twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 267–272.
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992b). Genetic epidemiology of phobias in women: The interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 273–281.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627.
King, N. J., Gullone, E., & Ollendick, T. H. (1998). Etiology of childhood phobias: Current status of Rachman’s three pathways theory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 297–309.
Kircanski, K., Craske, M. G., Epstein, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2009). Subtypes of panic attacks: A critical review of the empirical literature. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 878–887.
Lang, P. J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J. M. Shlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3, pp. 90–102). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Holm-Denoma, J. M., Small, J. W., Seeley, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 548–555.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133–144.
Lochner, C., Hemmings, S. M. J., Kinnear, C. J., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Corfield, V. A., Knowles, J. A., et al. (2004). Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and genetic findings. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 105–113.
Lyons, D. M., Parker, K. J., Katz, M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2009). Developmental cascades linking stress inoculation, arousal regulation, and resilience. CNS Drugs, 3, 1–6.
Magee, W. J., Eaton, W. W., Wittchen, H. U., McGonagle, K. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1996). Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 159–168.
March, J. S. (2003). Acute stress disorder in youth: A multivariate prediction model. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 809–816.
Markarian, Y., Larson, M. J., Aldea, M. A., Baldwin, S. A., Good, D., Berkeljon, A., et al. (2010). Multiple pathways to functional impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 78–88.
Marks, I. (2002). Innate and learned fears are at opposite ends of a continuum of associability. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 165–167.
Masi, G., Mucci, M., & Millepiedi, S. (2001). Separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. CNS Drugs, 15, 93–104.
McNally, R. J. (1987). Preparedness and phobias: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 283–303.
Mellman, T. A., David, D., Bustamante, V., Fins, A. I., & Esposito, K. (2001). Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following severe injury. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 226–231.
Menzies, R. G., & Clark, J. C. (1993). The etiology of childhood water phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 499–501.
Meuret, A. E., White, K. S., Ritz, T., Roth, W. T., Hofmann, S. G., & Brown, T. A. (2006). Panic attack symptom dimensions and their relationship to illness characteristics in panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 520–527.
Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1986). Immunization against the observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 307–318.
Mineka, S., Davidson, M., Cook, M., & Keir, R. (1984). Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 355–372.
Mineka, S., & Ohman, A. (2002a). Phobias and preparedness: The selective, automatic, and encapsulated nature of fear. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 927–937.
Mineka, S., & Ohman, A. (2002b). Born to fear: Non-associative vs associative factors in the etiology of phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 173–184.
Mineka, S., & Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders. The American Psychologist, 61, 10–26.
Mosing, M. A., Gordon, S. D., Medland, S. E., Statham, D. J., Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., et al. (2009). Genetic and environmental influences on the co-morbidity between depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and social phobia: A twin study. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 1004–1011.
Mowrer, O. H. (1951). Two-factor learning theory: Summary and comment. Psychological Review, 58, 350–354.
Murray, L., De Rosnay, M., Pearson, J., Bergeron, C., Schofield, E., Royal-Lawson, M., et al. (2008). Intergenerational transmission of social anxiety: The role of social referencing processes in infancy. Child Development, 79, 1049–1064.
Nicolini, H., Arnold, P., Nestadt, G., Lanzagorta, N., & Kennedy, J. L. (2009). Overview of genetics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 170, 7–14.
Nocon, A., Wittchen, H., Beesdo, K., Brückl, T., Hofler, M., Pfister, H., et al. (2008). Differential familial liability of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 422–434.
O’Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., & Shalev, A. (2003). Posttraumatic disorders following injury: An empirical and methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 587–603.
Olfson, M., Fireman, B., Weissman, M. M., Leon, A. C., Sheehan, D. V., Kathol, R. G., et al. (1997). Mental disorders and disability among patients in a primary care group practice. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1734–1740.
Onur, E., Alkin, T., & Tural, U. (2007). Panic disorder subtypes: Further clinical differences. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 479–486.
Öst, L. G. (1987). Age of onset in different phobias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 223–229.
Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Sachs, G. S., O’Neil, C. A., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1992) Alcohol dependence in panic disorder patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 29–38.
Pauls, D. L., Alsobrook, J. P., Goodman, W., Rasmussen, S., & Leckman, J. F. (1995) A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 76–84.
Persons, J. B., Mennin, D. S., & Tucker, D. E. (2001). Common misconceptions about the nature and treatment of GAD. Psychiatric Annals, 31, 501–507.
Pertusa, A., Frost, R. O., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2010). When hoarding is a symptom of OCD: A case series and implications for DSM-5. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1012–1020.
Pfaltz, M. C., Michael, T., Grossman, P., Margraf, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2010). Instability of physical anxiety symptoms in daily life of patients with panic disorder and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 792–798.
Phillips, K. A., Stein, D. J., Rauch, S. L., Hollander, E., Fallon, B. A., Barsky, A., et al. (2010). Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in the DSM-5? Depression and Anxiety, 27, 528–555.
Pincus, D. B., Santucci, L. C., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Eyberg, S. M. (2008). The implementation of modified parent–child interaction therapy for youth with separation anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15, 118–125.
Pini, S., Abelli, M., Shear, K. M., Cardini, A., Lari, L., Gesi, C., et al. (2010). Frequency and clinical correlates of adult separation anxiety in a sample of 508 outpatients with mood and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122, 40–46.
Poulton, R., & Menzies, R. G. (2002). Non-associative fear acquisition: A review of the evidence from retrospective and longitudinal research. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 537–544.
Prior, M., Smart, D., Sanson, A., & Oberklaid, F. (2000). Does shy-inhibited temperament in childhood lead to anxiety problems in adolescence? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 461–468.
Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Layne, C. M., Briggs, E. C., Ostrowski, S. A., & Fairbank, J. A. (2009). DSM-5 PTSD diagnostic criteria for children and adolescents: A developmental perspective and recommendations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 391–398.
Rachman, S. (1994). The overprediction of fear: A review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 683–690.
Rachman, S. (1998). Anxiety. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
Rachman, S., Elliott, C. M., Shafran, R., & Radomsky, A. S. (2009). Separating hoarding from OCD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 520–522.
Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 311–341.
Rasmussen, S. A., & Tsuang, M. T. (1986). Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 14, 317–322.
Rector, N. A., Cassin, S. E., Richter, M. A., & Burroughs, E. (2009). Obsessive beliefs in first-degree relatives of patients with OCD: A test of the cognitive vulnerability model. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 145–149.
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Stang, P., Wittchen, H., Ustun, B., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 229–235.
Salkovskis, P. M., Shafran, R., Rachman, S., & Freeston, M. H. (1999). Multiple pathways to inflated responsibility beliefs in obsessional problems: Possible origins and implications for therapy and research. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 1055–1072.
Samuels, J., Nestadt, G., Bienvenu, O. J., Costa, P. T., Riddle, M. A., Liang, K., et al. (2000). Personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 457–462.
Sanderson, W. C., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1989). The influence of an illusion of control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 157–162.
Scheeringa, M. S., Pebbles, C. D., Cook, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2001). Toward establishing procedural, criterion, and discriminant validity for PTSD in early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 52–60.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2, 307–320.
Silove, D. M., Marnane, C. L., Wagner, R., Manicavasagar, V. L., & Rees, S. (2010). The prevalence and correlates of adult separation anxiety disorder in an anxiety clinic. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 1–7.
Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Smith, S., Goldstein, R. B., Ruan, W. J., et al. (2007). The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1047–1059.
Suarez, L. M., Bennett, S. M., Goldstein, C. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2009). Understanding anxiety disorders from a “Triple Vulnerability” framework. In M. M. Antony & M. B. Stein (Eds.), Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 153–172). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Swedo, S. E., Rapoport, J. L., Leonard, H., Lenane, M., & Cheslow, D. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 335–341.
Thapar, A., & McGuffin, P. (1997). Anxiety and depressive symptoms in childhood: A genetic study of comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 38, 651–656.
Toro, J., Cervera, M., Osejo, E., & Salamero, M. (1992). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence: A clinical study. The Journal of Child Psychiatry, 33, 1025–1037.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2000). Conditioned emotional reactions. American Psychologist, 55, 313–317. (Reprinted from Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14, 1920).
Weathers, F. W., & Keane, T. M. (2007). The criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 107–121.
Weisberg, R. B. (2009). Overview of generalized anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, presentation, and course. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(Suppl 2), 4–9.
Wilcox, H. C., Storr, C. L., & Breslau, N. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attempts in a community sample of urban American young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 305–311.
Wittchen, H., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fava, G. A., & Craske, M. G. (2010). Agoraphobia: A review of the diagnostic classificatory position and criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 113–133.
Wittchen, H., & Hoyer, J. (2001). Generalized anxiety disorder: Nature and course. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 11), 15–19.
Woodman, C. L., Noyes, R., Black, D. W., Schlosser, S., & Yagla, S. J. (1999). A 5-year follow-up study of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 3–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nebel-Schwalm, M.S., Davis, T.E. (2013). Nature and Etiological Models of Anxiety Disorders. In: Storch, E., McKay, D. (eds) Handbook of Treating Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6457-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6458-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)