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Colonialism and Swedish History: Unthinkable Connections?

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Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity

Part of the book series: Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology ((CGHA,volume 37))

Abstract

Historian Nils Ahnlund stirred a debate in 1937 by suggesting that Sweden was a weak and deficient coloniser. This outraged his listeners, who viewed seventeenth-century Sweden as a powerful nation. Such fault lines continue to suffuse characterisations of Sweden’s participation in global expansion. Suggesting that Sweden in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a colonising power is controversial, but less so today than previously. Recently renewed interest in Sweden’s colonial past and present raises questions of scope and meaning. How have historians interpreted Swedish expansion, what is included, and what is the meaning of the re-evaluation occurring in contemporary scholarship? While often relating Sweden to a Nordic or European context, it remains common to insist on Swedish exceptionalism in terms of colonial experiences and elect not to discuss expansion into the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula or in the Baltic region in terms of colonialism. In general, postcolonial influences have tended to move the discussion from “no colonialism” to “post-colonialism” without ever stopping at a discussion of early modern Swedish involvement in colonial expansion and its consequences. This chapter investigates how Swedish colonial expansion has been dealt with in historical scholarship, but also discusses what historical and contemporary debates reveal about Sweden’s relationship to European modernity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The debate surrounding the commemorations in 1938 has been described by Max Engman (1991, 1994). Frustration at Ahnlund’s lecture concerned his portrayal of the colony’s “dark sides” as well as his emphasis on the participation of colonists from Finland. Sweden’s representative to the US Wollmar Boström wrote to Foreign Secretary Fritz Henriksson, May 8, 1937, that Ahnlund’s reference to New Sweden as a penal colony was “particularly ill chosen at this moment and would unnecessarily injure Swedish-Americans, if it came out here …. I cannot understand how someone in Professor Ahnlund’s position can show such poor judgment, that he expresses these dark sides of the matter, just at the time when the Crown Prince, the Government, the Parliament and the people so warmly embrace the 300th anniversary …” UD, 1920 års dossiersystem, P66, volym 844, Riksarkivet. My thanks to Adam Hjorthén for alerting me to this source.

  2. 2.

    This assertion has been reiterated in many forms and venues. One of the oddest is perhaps on a beer can, promoting a “New Sweden beer”, on which one could read that Sweden was “one of the three peoples who planted civilization” in America.

  3. 3.

    One of Grimberg’s predecessors in writing an overview of Swedish history was C. T. Odhner, professor of history at Lund University at the turn of the nineteenth century. He also published a seminal (and international!) article on New Sweden (Odhner 1879). His colleagues and contemporaries published considerably on colonial history, for example, Sprinchorn (1879, 1923).

  4. 4.

    Ernst Ekman’s (1964) article on St. Barthélemy offers early example of this new outlook on colonialism as it places the colony firmly within a context of European colonial ventures in the Caribbean world. He was writing from a position of a Swedish-American scholar in the United States.

  5. 5.

    Journals surveyed included Dansk historisk tidsskrift, Norsk historisk tidsskrift, Svensk historisk tidskrift, Scandia and Scandinavian Journal of History. Articles as well as reviews were inventoried for the period 2002–2011. The greatest number of hits, and the most varied, could be found in Svensk Historisk Tidskrift, followed by Norsk historisk tidsskrift, while the interest in Dansk historisk tidskrift remains scant. See articles by Müller (2004); Rud (2006); Roopnarine (2010); Gøbel (2011); Össbo and Lantto (2011) and Ravna (2011). I wish to thank Marie Ulmhed for her excellent work in assembling these data.

  6. 6.

    As far as possible all textbooks dealing with Swedish or Nordic history at the basic level at Swedish university programmes have been surveyed, based on syllabi published on department websites. These are Norborg and Sjöstedt (1970/1992); Behre et al. (1985/2001); Berggren and Greiff (2009); Gustafsson (2007); Hedenborg and Morell (2006); Hedenborg and Kvarnström (2009); Magnusson (2010); and Lindkvist and Sjöberg (2009). I am indebted to Marie Ulmhed who ably aided me in this survey.

  7. 7.

    Esvelt (1998) even suggested it was the engagement in the Baltic that thwarted Swedish attempts at competing with other major European powers for overseas holdings.

  8. 8.

    The “saltwater test” states that a colony is territory acquired at a distance from the “mother” country, usually across ocean water. According to this definition, any occupation of internal or adjacent areas was not considered as colonialism. See http://www.legalfrontiers.ca/2010/11/winds-of-change-or-hot-air-decolonization-and-the-salt-water-test/ (retrieved September 15, 2011).

  9. 9.

    A partial list of references for this notion includes the following: Holm (1702/1988):122; Acrelius (1759):91–92; Kalm (1756/1970):142; Enander (1874–1877):189–191; Bergström (1882):66–71, 76; Scharf and Westcott (1884):31; Alund (1892):189–195; Balch (1914):320; Edqvist (1917):168–170; Berkhofer (1978):119, 125; The New Sweden Project (1988); Ruhnbro (1988); Jordan and Kaups (1989):89, 90; Edsman (1991):191–192; Ballantine and Ballantine (1993):193; and Englund (1993):559–560; for this notion perpetuated in popular culture, see also Ulmhed (2012).

  10. 10.

    See Lisa Hellman’s ongoing dissertation project on the Swedish East Indian Company at Stockholm University.

  11. 11.

    This letter has been called “the first Swedish extermination program” by historian Peter Englund, who nonetheless describes Swedes as somewhat “better” as colonisers than the Dutch and the English (Englund 1993:497–502, 559–560). It should be noted that Englund succeeds in integrating New Sweden into his account of Sweden’s history as a great power in the seventeenth century. He is, to my knowledge, the only historian to do so.

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    Gunlög Fur

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    Magdalena Naum

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    Jonas M. Nordin

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Fur, G. (2013). Colonialism and Swedish History: Unthinkable Connections?. In: Naum, M., Nordin, J. (eds) Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity. Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology, vol 37. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6202-6_2

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