Abstract
This chapter was designed to provide the reader with a brief overview of the current treatment options for heart valve disease. Major topics of discussion are (1) development of prosthetic valve replacements, (2) current issues with valve replacement, (3) major valvular diseases that affect humans in the Western world, and (4) recent advances in therapeutic options for valvular diseases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Miller GW (2000) King of hearts. Times Books, New York
Bolman RM III, Black SM (2003) Open cardiac repair under direct vision: F. John Lewis and the University of Minnesota. J Card Surg 18:328–332; discussion 333
Lewis RP, Herr RH, Starr A et al (1966) Aortic valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards ball-valve prosthesis. Indications and results. Am Heart J 71:549–563
Lillehei CW, Kaster RL, Coleman M et al (1974) Heart-valve replacement with Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disk prosthesis. NY State J Med 74:1426–1438
Lillehei CW, Kaster RL, Bloch JH (1972) New central flow pivoting disk aortic and mitral prosthesis. Clinical experience. NY State J Med 72:1738
Emery RW, Palmquist WE, Mettler E et al (1978) A new cardiac valve prosthesis: in vitro results. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 24:550–556
Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C et al (2006) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 114:e84–e231
El Oakley R, Kleine P, Bach DS (2008) Choice of prosthetic heart valve in today’s practice. Circulation 117:253–256
Oxenham H, Bloomfield P, Wheatley DJ et al (2003) Twenty year comparison of a Bjork-Shiley mechanical heart valve with porcine bioprosthesis. Heart 89:715–721
Hammermeister K, Sethi GK, Henderson WG et al (2000) Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1152–1158
Lund O, Bland M (2006) Risk-corrected impact of mechanical versus bioprosthetic valves on long-term mortality after aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:1267–1273
Bach DS, Metras J, Doty JR et al (2008) Freedom from structural valve deterioration among patients 60 years of age and younger undergoing Freestyle aortic valve replacement. J Heart Valve Diseases 16:649–655
Edmunds LH Jr, Clark RE, Cohn LH et al (1996) Guidelines for reporting morbidity and mortality after cardiac valvular operations. Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for Standardizing Definitions of Prosthetic Heart Valve Morbidity of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112:708–711
Cheitlin MD, Douglas PS, Parmley WW (1994) 26th Bethesda conference: recommendations for determining eligibility for competition in athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. Task Force 2: acquired valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:874–880
Carabello BA (2002) Aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 346:677–682
Freeman RV, Otto CM (2005) Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment strategies. Circulation 111:3316–3326
Otto CM, Pearlman AS, Kraft CD et al (1992) Physiologic changes with maximal exercise in asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis assessed by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:1160–1167
Krayenbuehl HP, Hess OM, Ritter M et al (1988) Left ventricular systolic function in aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 9:E19–E23
Marcus ML, Doty DB, Hiratzka LF et al (1982) Decreased coronary reserve: a mechanism for angina pectoris in patients with aortic stenosis and normal coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 307:1362–1366
Bache RJ, Vrobel TR, Ring WS et al (1981) Regional myocardial blood flow during exercise in dogs with chronic left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Res 48:76–87
Koyanagi S, Eastham C, Marcus ML (1982) Effects of chronic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy on the incidence of sudden cardiac death after coronary artery occlusion in conscious dogs. Circulation 65:1192–1197
Ross J Jr, Braunwald E (1968) Aortic stenosis. Circulation 38:61–67
Schwarz F, Baumann P, Manthey J et al (1982) The effect of aortic valve replacement on survival. Circulation 66:1105–1110
Sprigings DC, Forfar JC (1995) How should we manage symptomatic aortic stenosis in the patient who is 80 or older? Br Heart J 74:481–484
Horstkotte D, Loogen F (1988) The natural history of aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J 9:E57–E64
Iivanainen AM, Lindroos M, Tilvis R et al (1996) Natural history of aortic valve stenosis of varying severity in the elderly. Am J Cardiol 78:97–101
Kelly TA, Rothbart RM, Cooper CM et al (1988) Comparison of outcome of asymptomatic to symptomatic patients older than 20 years of age with valvular aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 61:123–130
Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WF et al (1997) ACC/AHA guidelines for the clinical application of echocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation 95:1686–1744
Rosenhek R, Rader F, Loho N et al (2004) Statins but not angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay progression of aortic stenosis. Circulation 10:1291–1295
Rajamannan NM, Otto CM (2004) Targeted therapy to prevent progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation 110:1180–1182
McKay RG, Safian RD, Lock JE et al (1986) Balloon dilatation of calcific aortic stenosis in elderly patients: postmortem, intraoperative, and percutaneous valvuloplasty studies. Circulation 74:119–125
Safian RD, Mandell VS, Thurer RE et al (1987) Postmortem and intraoperative balloon valvuloplasty of calcific aortic stenosis in elderly patients: mechanisms of successful dilation. J Am Coll Cardiol 9:655–660
Tsai TP, Denton TA, Chaux A et al (1994) Results of coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aortic or mitral valve operation in patients  >  or  =  90 years of age. Am J Cardiol 74:960–962
Smith N, McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH (1978) Severe aortic stenosis with impaired left ventricular function and clinical heart failure: results of valve replacement. Circulation 58: 255–264
Connolly HM, Oh JK, Orszulak TA et al (1997) Aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Prognostic indicators. Circulation 95:2395–2400
Monin JL, Monchi M, Gest V et al (2001) Aortic stenosis with severe left ventricular dysfunction and low transvalvular pressure gradients: risk stratification by low-dose dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:2101–2107
Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP (1975) Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clin Invest 56:56–64
Nitenberg A, Foult JM, Antony I et al (1988) Coronary flow and resistance reserve in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 11:478–486
Fortuin NJ, Craige E (1972) On the mechanism of the Austin Flint murmur. Circulation 45:558–570
Parker E, Craige E, Hood WP Jr (1971) The Austin Flint murmur and the a wave of the apexcardiogram in aortic regurgitation. Circulation 43:349–359
Miller RR, Vismara LA, DeMaria AN et al (1976) Afterload reduction therapy with nitroprusside in severe aortic regurgitation: improved cardiac performance and reduced regurgitant Âvolume. Am J Cardiol 38:564–567
Smith MD, Cassidy JM, Souther S et al (1995) Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N Engl J Med 332:356–362
Cigarroa JE, Isselbacher EM, DeSanctis RW et al (1993) Diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of suspected aortic dissection. Old standards and new directions. N Engl J Med 328:35–43
Yacoub MH et al (1983) Results of valve sparing operations for aortic regurgitation. Circulation 68:311–321
David TE (2001) Aortic valve-sparing operations for aortic root aneurysm. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 13:291–296
Gorlin R, Gorlin S (1951) Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of stenotic mitral valve, other cardiac values and central circulatory shunts. Am Heart J 41:1–29
Rowe JC, Bland EF, Sprague HB et al (1960) The course of mitral stenosis without surgery: ten- and twenty-year perspectives. Ann Intern Med 52:741–749
Wood P (1954) An appreciation of mitral stenosis. I. Clinical features. Br Med J 4870: 1051–1063
Edwards JE, Rusted IE, Scheifley CH (1956) Studies of the mitral valve. II. Certain anatomic features of the mitral valve and associated structures in mitral stenosis. Circulation 14:398–406
Roberts WC, Perloff JK (1972) Mitral valvular disease. A clinicopathologic survey of the conditions causing the mitral valve to function abnormally. Ann Intern Med 77:939–975
Olesen KH (1962) The natural history of 271 patients with mitral stenosis under medical treatment. Br Heart J 24:349–357
Carroll JD, Feldman T (1993) Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy and the new demographics of mitral stenosis. J Am Med Assoc 270:1731–1736
Selzer A, Cohn KE (1972) Natural history of mitral stenosis: a review. Circulation 45: 878–890
Hugenholtz PG, Ryan TJ, Stein SW et al (1962) The spectrum of pure mitral stenosis. Hemodynamic studies in relation to clinical disability. Am J Cardiol 10:773–784
Braunwald E, Moscovitz HL, Amram SS et al (1955) The hemodynamics of the left side of the heart as studied by simultaneous left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic pressures; particular reference to mitral stenosis. Circulation 12:69–81
Holen J, Aaslid R, Landmark K et al (1976) Determination of pressure gradient in mitral stenosis with a non-invasive ultrasound Doppler technique. Acta Med Scand 199:455–460
Hatle L, Brubakk A, Tromsdal A et al (1978) Noninvasive assessment of pressure drop in mitral stenosis by Doppler ultrasound. Br Heart J 40:131–140
Currie PJ, Seward JB, Chan KL et al (1985) Continuous wave Doppler determination of right ventricular pressure: a simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study in 127 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 6:750–756
Coulshed N, Epstein EJ, McKendrick CS et al (1970) Systemic embolism in mitral valve disease. Br Heart J 32:26–34
Daley R, Mattingly TW, Holt CL et al (1951) Systemic arterial embolism in rheumatic heart disease. Am Heart J 42:566
Abernathy WS, Willis PW 3rd (1973) Thromboembolic complications of rheumatic heart disease. Cardiovasc Clin 5:131–175
Adams GF, Merrett JD, Hutchinson WM et al (1974) Cerebral embolism and mitral stenosis: survival with and without anticoagulants. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 37:378–383
Orrange SE, Kawanishi DT, Lopez BM et al (1997) Actuarial outcome after catheter balloon commissurotomy in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 95:382–389
Higgs LM, Glancy DL, O’Brien KP et al (1970) Mitral restenosis: an uncommon cause of recurrent symptoms following mitral commissurotomy. Am J Cardiol 26:34–37
Dahl JC, Winchell P, Borden CW (1967) Mitral stenosis. A long term postoperative follow-up. Arch Intern Med 119:92–97
Cohn LH, Couper GS, Kinchla NM et al (1990) Decreased operative risk of surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation with or without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:1575–1578
Connolly MW, Gelbfish JS, Jacobowitz IJ et al (1986) Surgical results for mitral regurgitation from coronary artery disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 91:379–388
Chatterjee K, Parmley WW, Swan HJ et al (1973) Beneficial effects of vasodilator agents in severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of subvalvar apparatus. Circulation 48:684–690
Yoran C, Yellin EL, Becker RM et al (1979) Mechanism of reduction of mitral regurgitation with vasodilator therapy. Am J Cardiol 43:773–777
Carabello BA (1988) Mitral regurgitation: basic pathophysiologic principles. Part 1. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 57:53–58
Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD et al (1984) Chronic mitral regurgitation: predictive value of preoperative echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular function and wall stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 3:235–242
Crawford MH, Souchek J, Oprian CA et al (1990) Determinants of survival and left ventricular performance after mitral valve replacement. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. Circulation 81:1173–1181
Wisenbaugh T, Skudicky D, Sareli P (1994) Prediction of outcome after valve replacement for rheumatic mitral regurgitation in the era of chordal preservation. Circulation 89:191–197
Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV et al (1994) Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 90:830–837
Blackshear JL, Pearce LA, Asinger RW et al (1993) Mitral regurgitation associated with reduced thromboembolic events in high-risk patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Am J Cardiol 72:840–843
Beppu S, Nimura Y, Sakakibara H et al (1985) Smoke-like echo in the left atrial cavity in mitral valve disease: its features and significance. J Am Coll Cardiol 6:744–749
Betriu A, Chaitman BR (1982) Preoperative determinants of return to sinus rhythm after valve replacement. In: Cohn LH, Gallucci V (eds) Cardiac bioprosthesis. Yorke Medical Books, New York, pp 184–191
Chua YL, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA et al (1994) Outcome of mitral valve repair in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation. Should the maze procedure be combined with mitral valvuloplasty? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107:408–415
Horskotte D, Schulte HD, Bircks W et al (1993) The effect of chordal preservation on late outcome after mitral valve replacement: a randomized study. J Heart Valve Dis 2:150–158
Bonow RO, Nikas D, Elefteriades JA (1995) Valve replacement for regurgitant lesions of the aortic or mitral valve in advanced left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiol Clin 13(73–83):85
Akins CW, Hilgenberg AD, Buckley MJ, et al. (1994) Mitral valve reconstruction versus replacement for degenerative or ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 58:668–675; discussion 675–676
Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA et al (1995) Valve repair improves the outcome of surgery for mitral regurgitation. A multivariate analysis. Circulation 91:1022–1028
Silverman N (1998) Tricuspid valve. In: Kaiser K (ed) Mastery of cardiac surgery. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 354–360
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
John, R., Liao, K. (2013). Heart Valve Disease. In: Iaizzo, P., Bianco, R., Hill, A., St. Louis, J. (eds) Heart Valves. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6144-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6144-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6143-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6144-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)