Skip to main content

The History of Simulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

For centuries people have made models and deliberately practiced to learn new skills. Healthcare education has recently rediscovered these basic principles. Simulation is fundamental to the current educational emphasis on deliberate practice and mastery learning. Although simulation has finally achieved global acceptance, it was a long journey. Revolutions in industry, communication, transportation, and technology occurring over the course of a century laid the foundation for the birth of modern simulation. Pioneers in healthcare education and patient safety made essential contributions by questioning the status quo and proposing innovative solutions. Simulation developers and early proponents worked for decades to advertise and gain acceptance for groundbreaking simulation products and methods. This chapter will give a brief overview of the history of simulation and the technology that makes it possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Maury K. The technological revolution. Foreign Policy Res Inst Newsl. 2008;13(18). [Serial online]. Available at: http://www.fpri.org/footnotes/1318.200807.klein.techrevolution.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  2. Computer History Museum. Exhibits. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/. Copyright 2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  3. Computer History Museum. Revolution: Calculators. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1. Copyright 1996–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  4. Computer History Museum. Revolution: Timeline. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/timeline. Copyright 1996–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  5. Computer History Museum. Computer History Timeline. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/. Copyright 2006. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  6. Computer History Museum. A Classical Wonder: The Antikythera Mechanism. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/­revolution/calculators/1/42. Copyright 1996–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  7. Computer History Museum. Introducing the Keyboard. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/55. Copyright 1996–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  8. Computer History Museum. The Punched Card’s Pedigree. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/punched-cards/2/4. Copyright 1996–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  9. Computer History Museum. The Revolutionary Babbage Engine. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/. Copyright 1996–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  10. Computer History Museum. Making Sense of the Census: Hollerith’s Punched Card Solution. Available at: http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/punched-cards/2/2. Copyright 1996–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  11. IBM archives 1885. Available at: http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1885.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2012

  12. IBM archives 1891. Available at http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1891.html Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  13. IBM archives 1880’s. Available at: http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1880.html. Accessed Jan 2012.

  14. IBM archives 1893. Available at: http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1893.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  15. IBM Archives 1889. Available at: http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1889.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  16. IBM Archives 1920’s. Available at: http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1920.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  17. Ceruzzi PE. The advent of commercial computing. A history of modern computing. Salisbury: MIT Press; 2003. p. 1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ceruzzi PE. Chapter 2: Computing comes of age, 1956–1964. In: A history of modern computing. Salisbury: MIT Press; 2003. p. 48–78.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rojas R, Zuse K. Konrad Zuse internet archive. (German, 1910–1995). Available at http://www.zib.de/zuse/home.php/Main/KonradZuse. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  20. Allerton D. Historical perspective. In: Principles of flight simulation. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2009. p. 1–9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Greeneyer F. A history of simulation: part III-preparing for war in MS & T magazine 2008, issue 6. Available at: http://halldale.com/insidesnt/history-simulation-part-iii-preparing-war. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  22. Greeneyer F. A history of simulation: part II-early days in MS & T magazine 2008, issue 5. Available at: http://halldale.com/insidesnt/history-simulation-part-ii-early-days. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  23. Link EA, Jr. Combination training device for aviator students and entertainment. US Patent # 1,825,462. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=CRJuAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=edwin+link+1,825,462&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y0r_TvjuFOTk0QGz9dHCAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=edwin%20link%201%2C825%2C462&f=false. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  24. National Inventor’s Hall of fame. Edwin A Link. Available at: http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/192.html. Copyright 2002. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  25. Ledbetter MN. CAE-link corporation in airlift tanker: history of US airlift and tanker forces. Padukah: Turner Publishing; 1995. p. 76.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Greenyer F. A history of simulation: part I. in MS & T magazine 2008, issue 4. Available at: http://halldale.com/insidesnt/history-simulation-part-i. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  27. Compton WD. Where no man has gone before: a history of Apollo lunar exploration missions in NASA special publication-4214 in the NASA History Series, 1989. Available at: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4214/cover.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  28. Star Trek Database. Where No Man Has Gone Before. Available at: http://www.startrek.com/database_article/where-no-man-has-gone-before. Copyright 1966. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  29. Abrahamson S. Essays on medical education (S.A.’s on medical education). Lanham: University Press of America® Inc; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Simpson DE, Bland CJ. Stephen Abrahamson, PhD, ScD, Educationist: a stranger in a kind of paradise. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2002;7:223–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Guilbert JJ. Making a difference. An interview of Dr. Stephen Abrahamson. Educ Health. 2003;16:378–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Barrows HS, Abrahamson S. The programmed patient: a technique for appraising student performance in clinical neurology. J Med Educ. 1964;39:802–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hoggett R. A history of cybernetic animals and early robots. Available at: http://cyberneticzoo.com/?tag=stephen-abrahamson. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  34. YouTube. Sim one computerized dummy medical patient invention newsreel PublicDomainFootage.com. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFiqr2C4fZQ. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  35. YouTube. Future shock (1972) 3/5. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oA_7yWPlCYo. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  36. Abrahamson S, Denson JS, Clark AP, Taback L, Ronzi T. Anesthesiological training simulator. Patent # 3,520,071. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents/US3520071. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  37. Denson JS, Abrahamson S. A computer-controlled patient simulator. JAMA. 1969;208:504–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Abrahamson S, Denson JS, Wolf RM. Effectiveness of a simulator in anesthesiology training. Acad Med. 1969;44:515–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Abrahamson S, Denson JS, Wolf RM. Effectiveness of a simulator in anesthesiology training. Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13:395–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hmelo-Silver CE. In Memoriam: remembering Howard S. Barrows. Interdiscip J Probl Based Learn. 2011;5:6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  41. State Journal-Register: Springfield Illinois. Obituaries: Howard S Barrow. Available at: http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sj-r/obituary.aspx?n=howard-s-barrows&pid=149766653. Copyright 2011. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  42. Wallace P. Following the threads of innovation: the history of standardized patients in medical education. Caduceus. 1997;13:5–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Barrows HS. An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. Acad Med. 1993;68:443–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wallace J, Rao R, Haslam R. Simulated patients in objective structured clinical examinations: review of their use in medical education. APT. 2002;8:342–8.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Tamblyn RM, Barrows HS. Bedside clinics in neurology: an alternate format for the one-day course in continuing medical education. JAMA. 1980;243:1448–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Dillon GF, Boulet JR, Hawkins RE, Swanson DB. Simulations in the United States Medical Licensing Examination™ (USMLE™). Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13:i41–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Eichhorn JH, Cooper JB. A tribute to Ellison C. (Jeep) Pierce, Jr., MD, the beloved founding leader of the APSF. APSF Newsletter fall 2011. [Serial online]. Available at: http://www.apsf.org/newsletters/html/2011/fall/02_pierce.htm. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  48. Beecher HK, Todd DP. A study of deaths associated with anesthesia and surgery. Ann Surg. 1954;140:2–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Eichhorn JH. The APSF at 25: pioneering success in safety, but challenges remain. 25th anniversary provokes reflection, anticipation. APSF Newsl. Summer 2010;25(2). [Serial online]. Available at: http://www.apsf.org/newsletters/html/2010/summer/index.htm. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  50. Pierce EC. The 34th Rovenstine lecture. 40 years behind the mask: safety revisited. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:965–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Keats AS. What do we know about anesthetic mortality? Anesthesiology. 1979;50:387–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cooper JB, Newbower RS, Long CD, McPeek B. Preventable anesthesia mishaps: a study of human factors. Anesthesiology. 1978;49:399–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Cooper JB, Long CD, Newbower RS, Phillip JH. Multi-hospital study of preventable anesthesia mishaps. Anesthesiology. 1979;51:s348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Cooper JB, Newbower RS, Kitz RJ. An analysis of major errors and equipment failures in anesthetic management: considerations for prevention and detection. Anesthesiology. 1984;60:34–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dutton RP. Introducing the anesthesiology quality institute: what’s in it for you? ASA Newsl. 2009;73:40–1 [Serial online].

    Google Scholar 

  56. Cheney FW. The American Society of Anesthesiologists closed claims project: the beginning. Anesthesiology. 2010;115:957–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Eichhorn JW. Prevention of intraoperative anesthesia accidents and related severe injury through safety monitoring. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:572–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Adam Rouilly. Our history. Available at: http://www.adam-rouilly.co.uk/content/history.aspx. Copyright 2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  59. Gaumard. Our History of Innovation. Available at: http://gaumardscientific.mybigcommerce.com/our-history/ Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  60. Gaumard. E-news November 2010. Available at http://www.­gaumard.com/newsletter/nov-10/index.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  61. March SK. W. Proctor Harvey: a master clinician teacher’s influence on the history of cardiovascular medicine. Tex Heart Inst J. 2002;29:182–92.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gordon MS, Messmore FB. Cardiac training manikin. Patent # 3,662,076. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=NEovAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  63. Poylo MC. Manikin audio system. Patent # 3,665,087. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=554yAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  64. Gordon MS. Cardiology patient simulator: development of an animated manikin to teach cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34:350–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gordon MS, Patterson DG. Cardiological manikin auscultation and blood pressure systems. Patent # 3,947,974. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=UwkvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  66. Gordon MS, Ewy GA, DeLeon Jr AC, et al. “Harvey”, the cardiology patient simulator: Pilot studies on teaching effectiveness. Am J Cardiol. 1980;45:791–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sajid AW, Ewy GA, Felner JM, et al. Cardiology patient simulator and computer-assisted instruction technologies in bedside teaching. Med Educ. 1990;24:512–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gordon MS et al. Cardiopulmonary patient simulator. Patent # 7,316,568. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents/US7316568?printsec=abstract&dq=7,316,568&ei=iy3-ToKaDqji0QGS0umRAg#v=onepage&q=7%2C316%2C568&f=false. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  69. Michaels S Gordon Center for Research in Medical Education. The all new Harvey. Available at: http://www.gcrme.miami.edu/#/harvey-major-changes. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  70. Laerdal. History: Laerdal Yesterday and Today. Available at: http://www.laerdal.com/us/doc/367/History. Copyright 2012. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  71. Grenvik A, Schaefer J. From Resusci-Anne to Sim-Man: the ­evolution of simulators in medicine. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(Suppl):S56–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Limbs and Things. Company History. Available at: http://limbsandthings.com/us/about/history/. Copyright 2002–2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  73. Fukui Y, Smith NT. Interactions among ventilation, the circulation, and the uptake and distribution of halothane-use of a hybrid computer model: I. The basic model. Anesthesiology. 1981;54:107–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Fukui Y, Smith NT. Interactions among ventilation, the circulation, and the uptake and distribution of halothane-use of a hybrid computer model: II. Spontaneous vs controlled ventilation and the effects of CO2. Anesthesiology. 1981;54:119–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Mandel JE, Martin JF, Schneider AM, Smith NT. Towards realism in modelling the clinical administration of a cardiovascular drug. Anesthesiology. 1985;63:a504 [Abstract].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Smith NT, Sebald AV. Teaching vasopressors with sleeper. Anesthesiology. 1989;71:a990 [Abstract].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Schwid HA, Wakeland C, Smith NT. A simulator for general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1986;65:a475 [Abstract].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Schwid HA. A flight simulator for general anesthesia training. Comput Biomed Res. 1987;20:64–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Schwid HA, O’Donnell D. The anesthesia simulator-recorder: a device to train and evaluate anesthesiologist’s response to critical incidents. Anesthesiology. 1990;72:191–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Schwid HA, O’Donnell D. Anesthesiologists management of critical incidents. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:495–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Schwid HA, O’Donnell D. The anesthesia simulator-consultant: simulation plus expert system. Anesthesiol Rev. 1993;20:185–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Gutierrez KT, Gross JB. Anesthesia simulator consultant. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:1391–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Kelly JS, Kennedy DJ. Critical care simulator: hemodynamics, vasoactive infusions, medical emergencies. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:1272–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Gaba DM. The future vision of simulation in health care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13:i2–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Smith B, Gaba D. Simulators. In: Lake C, editor. Clinical monitoring: practical application for anesthesia and critical care. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 2001. p. 26–44.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gaba DM, DeAnda A. A comprehensive anesthesia simulation environment: re-creating the operating room for research and training. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:387–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gravenstein JS. Training devices and simulators. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:295–7. [Editorial].

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Gaba DM, DeAnda A. The response of anesthesia trainees to simulated critical incidents. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:A720. Abstract.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Gaba DM, Fish KJ, Howard SK. Crisis management in anesthesiology. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingston; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Center for Medical Simulation, 2009. History of medical simulation and the development of CMS. Available at: http://www.harvardmedsim.org/about-history.php. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  91. Good ML, Gravenstein JS, Mahla ME, et al. Can simulation accelerate the learning of basic anesthesia skills by beginning anesthesia residents? Anesthesiology. 1992;77:a1133. Abstract.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Good ML, Lampotang S, Gibby GL, Gravenstein JS. Critical events simulation for training in anesthesiology, abstracted. J Clin Monit. 1988;4:140.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Good ML, Gravenstein JS, Mahla ME, et al. Anesthesia simulation for learning basic anesthesia skills, abstracted. J Clin Monit. 1992;8:187–8.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Michael L Good MD Curriculum Vitae. Available at: http://www.med.ufl.edu/about/employment-dean-search-cv-good.pdf. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  95. Lampotang S, Good ML, Gravenstein JS, et al. Method and apparatus for simulating neuromuscular stimulation during medical ­simulation. Patent # 5,391,081. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=sV0cAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,391,081&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jfn_TtKOAurn0QGP5cWtAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  96. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Self regulating lung for simulated medical procedures. Patent # 5,584,701. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=soweAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,584,701&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qvn_Tp3mBsnV0QG2qvWPAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  97. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Apparatus and method for simulating bronchial resistance or dilation. Patent # 5,772,442. Available at http://www.google.com/patents?id=3C8cAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,772,442&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xvn_Ts6hHML30gGrm8mMBA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  98. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Apparatus and method for synchronizing cardiac rhythm related events. Patent # 5,769,641. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=bV4nAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,769,641&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_Pn_TuOpB6Xb0QHehdXIDQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  99. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Apparatus and method of simulating breath sounds. Patent # 5,779,484. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=AuonAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,779,484&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Evr_Tv7qH6jl0QHW9LX-Ag&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  100. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Apparatus and method for simulating lung sounds in a patient simulator. Patent # 5,868,579. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=8OsXAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,868,579&hl=en&sa=X&ei=J_r_ToT9I-PV0QHzxMyDAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  101. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Apparatus and method for quantifying fluid delivered to a patient simulator. Patent # 5,882,207. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=rGcXAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,882,207&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VPr_TvGtLKnX0QGRuamEAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  102. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Apparatus for and method of simulating the injection and volatizing of a volatile drug. Patent # 5,890,908. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=qqMWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,890,908&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dfr_TuWgCefm0QHzz4HQDw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  103. Lampotang S, van Meurs W, Good ML, et al. Apparatus and method of simulation the determination of continuous blood gases in a patient simulator. Patent # 5,941,710. Available at: http://www.google.com/patents?id=Lw8ZAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=5,941,710&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h_r_TqjaJunl0QH00IHMAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  104. Arne R, Stale F, Petter L. Pat-Sim. Simulator for practicing anesthesia and intensive care. Int J Clin Monit Comput. 1996;13:147–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Byrne AJ, Hilton PJ, Lunn J. Basic simulations in anaesthesia: a pilot study of the ACCESS system. Anaesthesia. 1994;49:376–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Chopra V, Engbers FH, Geerts MJ, Filet WR, Bovill JG, Spierhjk J. The Leiden anaesthesia simulator. Br J Anaesth. 1994;73:287–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Chopra V, Gesnik B, DeJing J, Bovill JG, Spierdijk J, Brand R. Does training on an anaesthesia simulator lead to improvement in performance? Br J Anaesth. 1994;73:293–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Anderssen HB, Jensen PF, Nielsen FR, Pedersen SA. The anaesthesia simulator SOPHUS. Roskilde: Riso National Laboratory; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Christensen UJ, Andersen SF, Jacobsen J, Jensen PF, Ording H. The Sophus anaesthesia simulator v. 2.0. A windows 95 control-center of a full scale simulatora. Int J Clin Monit Comput. 1997;14:11–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Cooper JB, Taquetti VR. A brief history of the development of mannequin simulators for clinical education and training. Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13:i11–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Satava RM. Accomplishments and challenges of surgical simulation. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:232–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Cuschieri A, Wilson RG, Sunderland G, et al. Training initiative list scheme (TILS) for minimal access therapy: the MATTUS experience. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1997;42:295–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Satava RM. Historical review of surgical simulation-a personal perspective. World J Surg. 2008;32:141–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Satava RM. The revolution in medical education-the role of simulation. J Grad Med Educ. 2009;1:172–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Faulkner H, Regher G, Martin J, Reznik R. Validation of an objective structured assessment of technical skill for surgical residents. Acad Med. 1996;71:1363–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Martin JA, Regehr G, Reznick R, MacRae H, et al. Objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) for surgical residents. Br J Surg. 1997;84:273–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery. Available at: http://www.flsprogram.org/. Copyright 2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  118. Delp SL, Loan JP, Hoy MG, Zajac FE, Topp EL, Rosen JM. An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopedic surgical procedures. Trans Biomed Eng. 1990;37:757–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Satava RM. Virtual reality surgical simulator: first steps. Surg Endosc. 1993;7:203–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Wilson MS, Middlebrook A, Sutton C, Stone R, McCloy RF. MIST VR: a virtual reality trainer for laparoscopic surgery assesses performance. Ann R Coll Surg Eng. 1997;79:403–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Taffinder NJ, Russell RCG, McManus IC, Darzi A. An objective assessment of laparoscopic psychomotor skills: the effect of a training course on performance. Surg Endosc. 1998;12(5):493.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Darzi A, Smith S, Taffinder NJ. Assessing operative skill. BMJ. 1999;318:877–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, O’Brien MK, Bansal VK, Andersen DK, et al. Virtual reality improves operating room performance: results of a randomized double blind study. Ann Surg. 2002;236:458–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Edmond CV, Wiet GJ, Bolger B. Surgical simulation in otology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1998;31:369–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Immersion. Medical Products. Available at: http://www.immersion.com/markets/medical/index.html. Copyright 2013. Accessed 12 Mar 2013.

  126. Lallas CD, Davis JW. Robotic surgery training with commercially available simulation systems in 2011. A current review and practice pattern survey from the Society of Urologic Robotic Surgeons. J Endourol. 2011. [Serial online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192114. Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  127. De Visser H, Watson MO, Salvado O, Passenger D. Progress in virtual reality simulators for surgical; training and certification. Med J Aust. 2011;194:S38–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Stefanidis D, Arora S, Parrack DM, et al. Association for Surgical Education Simulation Committee. Research priorities in surgical simulation for the 21st century. Am J Surg. 2012;203:49–53.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. American College of Surgeons: Division of Education. Listing of ACS Accredited Education Institutes. Available at: http://www.facs.org/education/accreditationprogram/list.html. Revised 10 Nov 2011; Accessed 4 Jan 2012.

  130. Gladwell M. The tipping point. Boston: Back Bay Books; 2002. p. 3–132.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Adverse events in hospitals: national incidence among medicare beneficiaries. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Inspector General. 2010;1–74.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kathleen Rosen MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rosen, K. (2013). The History of Simulation. In: Levine, A.I., DeMaria, S., Schwartz, A.D., Sim, A.J. (eds) The Comprehensive Textbook of Healthcare Simulation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5993-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5993-4_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5992-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-5993-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics