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Batteries for Sustainability pp 5–49Cite as

Battery Cathodes

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Abstract

In a discharging battery, the cathode is the positive electrode, at which electrochemical reduction takes place. As current flows, electrons from the circuit and cations from the electrolytic solution in the device move toward the cathode. Although these processes are reversed during cell charge in secondary batteries, the positive electrode in these systems is still commonly, if somewhat inaccurately, referred to as the cathode, and the negative as the anode. Because this terminology is widespread throughout the Li-ion battery literature, this usage will be adopted for this article.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Anode – (negative electrode):

This electrode donates electrons during cell discharge.

Battery:

A device consisting of one or many electrochemical cells connected together, in which chemical energy is converted into power. These can be further categorized as primary (non-rechargeable) or secondary (rechargeable) systems.

Capacity:

The amount of charge that a battery contains, often expressed as mAh or Ah. This depends on the size of the battery and its chemistry. Rated capacity also depends on the current used.

Cathode – (positive electrode):

This electrode accepts electrons during cell discharge.

Cell:

One unit of a battery, commonly consisting of an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, a separator, and two current collectors.

Energy density or specific energy:

Energy per unit volume or weight of a material or a device, respectively, often expressed as Wh/L or Wh/kg. Energy is a product of the cell voltage and capacity per unit volume or weight.

Intercalation compound (host material, insertion compound):

Originally, this referred specifically to layered structures that can undergo insertion of ions or molecules between the van der Waals gaps, but is now commonly used for any structure that undergoes topotactic insertion reactions. For Li-ion battery materials, it refers specifically to compounds that undergo reductive insertion of lithium ions, such as graphite (used as an anode) or LiCoO2 (used as a cathode).

Jahn–Teller effect:

The geometric distortion of nonlinear complexes of certain transition metal ions to remove degeneracy. For example, Mn(III) in octahedral coordination is expected to have an electronic configuration of t 32g e 1g . Elongation along one axis of the octahedron, for example, decreases the symmetry and removes the degeneracy.

Power density and specific power:

Power per unit volume or weight, respectively, often expressed as W/L or W/kg. Power is the product of the current and the operating voltage. This is a function both of the materials used and the cell design.

Practical energy density or specific energy:

Based on the entire weight or volume of the device including inert components. It may be only 1/4–1/2 of the theoretical energy density. It may also refer only to the useable portion of the theoretical capacity of the anode or cathode material itself.

Ragone plot:

A plot showing the relationship between energy density and power density for any particular battery chemistry. This relationship is a function both of battery design and chemistry for Li-ion batteries.

Solid electrolyte interface (SEI):

A very thin (nanometer scale) layer formed on a lithium or lithiated graphite anode, which develops upon reaction with certain kinds of electrolytic solutions. The SEI is a specific kind of reaction layer that is ionically conductive but electronically insulating. It passivates the electrode, preventing further reaction with the electrolytic solution, and allows reversible operation of the device.

Specific capacity:

The amount of charge per unit weight that a battery electrode material contains, often expressed as mAh/g. This is a fundamental characteristic of the material, and depends upon its redox chemistry and structure.

Theoretical energy density, specific energy, capacity:

Based on weight or volume of the electrode active materials only.

Topotactic transformation:

A transformation in a crystal lattice involving displacement or exchange of atoms, which maintains the basic structure.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The author would like to thank Dr. Kinson Kam, Dr. Jordi Cabana, and Mr. Thomas Conry for helpful discussion.

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  1. Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Marca M. Doeff

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    Ralph J. Brodd

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Doeff, M.M. (2013). Battery Cathodes. In: Brodd, R. (eds) Batteries for Sustainability. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5791-6_2

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