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Adipose Tissue as a Peripheral Clock

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Chronobiology and Obesity

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Abstract

Adipose tissue is a complex and highly metabolic and endocrine organ, which is capable of expressing and secreting a variety of bioactive peptides, so-called adipokines. These adipokines are involved in coordinating a diversity of biological processes including energy intake and expenditure, insulin resistance, adipocyte differentiation, dyslipidemia, and body fat distribution. One of the most outstanding discoveries in the last year is the presence of an active circadian clock in adipose tissue depots. New data suggest that there is a temporal component in the regulation of all these adipose tissue functions. In fact, studies performed by microarrays have shown that a certain percentage of active genes expressed in adipose tissue in both humans and animal models follow a daily rhythmic pattern. Examples of these genes are clock genes (PER2, CLOCK, CRY1, and BMAL1), adipokine genes (adiponectin and leptin), and glucocorticoid-related genes among others. Thus, an adequate temporal order in the daily pattern of these genes implicated in adipose tissue metabolism could have important consequences not only in body fat distribution but also in the metabolic alterations associated to obesity. Further investigations of circadian rhythms in adipose tissues will provide insight into the physiology of energy homeostasis and the etiology of metabolic diseases such as obesity.

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Abbreviations

LEP:

Leptin

LEPR:

Leptin receptor

TNFα:

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

ApM1:

Adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 or adiponectin

Acrp30:

Adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa or adiponectin

GBP28:

Gelatin binding protein of 28 kDa or adiponectin

AdipoQ:

Adiponectin

ADIPOR1:

Adiponectin receptor 1

ADIPOR2:

Adiponectin receptor 2

TZDs:

Thiazolidinediones

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

ASP:

Acylation stimulating protein

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

TGF-beta:

Transforming growth factor-beta

GCs:

Glucocorticoids

HPA:

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal

GR:

Glucocorticoid receptor

11DHC:

11-Dehydrocorticosterone

11βHSD1:

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1

11βHSD2:

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2

STAR:

Teroidogenic acute regulatory protein

5αR:

5-α reductase

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

PCR:

Polymerase reaction chain

AT:

Adipose tissue

WAT:

White adipose tissue

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

SWAT or SAT:

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

VWAT or VAT:

Visceral adipose tissue

IAAT:

Intra-abdominal adipose tissue

FFAs:

Free fatty acids

TGs:

Triglycerides

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

Pdp1:

PAR domain protein 1

RORα:

RAR-related orphan receptor alpha

PGC1α:

Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha

PER2:

Period homolog 2 (Drosophila)

BMAL1 or ARNTL or MOP3:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like

CLOCK:

Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput

CRY:

Cryptochrome

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

CCG:

Clock control genes

ASCs:

Adipose-derived stem cells

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Purificación Gómez-Abellán Ph.D. & Marta Garaulet Ph.D.

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  1. Purificación Gómez-Abellán Ph.D.
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  2. Marta Garaulet Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Purificación Gómez-Abellán Ph.D. .

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  1. , Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Avda. Teniente Flomesta, Murcia, 30100, Spain

    Marta Garaulet

  2. Tufts University School of Medicine, Washington Street 711, Boston, 02115, USA

    Jose M. Ordovás

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Gómez-Abellán, P., Garaulet, M. (2013). Adipose Tissue as a Peripheral Clock. In: Garaulet, M., Ordovás, J. (eds) Chronobiology and Obesity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5082-5_3

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